Atherosclerosis causes
Atherosclerosis causes not yet fully understand, but with the following known factor (risk factor) is closely related to:
First, hypertension clinical and autopsy data show that patients with hypertension atherosclerosis incidence rate was higher. This may be due to hypertension, artery wall under the special high-pressure, endometrial layer and endothelial cells of the injury, low-density lipoprotein easy to enter the artery wall, and stimulate smooth muscle cell proliferation and trigger atherosclerosis.
Second, hyperlipidemia clinical data show that atherosclerosis is common in hypercholesterolemia. Laboratory animals given high-cholesterol diet can cause atherosclerosis. In recent years, the study found that low-density lipoprotein and the extremely high density lipoprotein and the reduction of high-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis-related. The increase in blood triglyceride and atherosclerosis in a certain relationship. Recent research found that a lipoprotein [Lp (a)] and atherosclerosis is closely related to the occurrence.
Third, smoking smokers hemoglobin concentration of oxygen in the blood up to 10-20 percent, within the artery wall inadequate oxygenation, increased endometrial lower fatty acid synthesis, to reduce the release of PGI2, platelet adhesion easily gathered in the artery wall. In addition, smoking will also enable high-density lipoprotein in the blood of the original volume of lower serum cholesterol levels increased, so susceptible to atherosclerosis. In addition, smoking, nicotine contained in smoke can act on the heart and coronary artery spasm and cause myocardial damage.
4, diabetes associated with diabetes are more hypertriglyceridemia or hypercholesterolemia, again accompanied by hypertension, atherosclerosis, the incidence rate was higher. Diabetes also often the first factor Ⅷ increased blood platelet activity and enhanced. Factor Ⅷ from within the artery wall cells, the factor that increased the endometrial lesions, platelet activity easier to gather in the artery wall, accelerating atherosclerosis and thrombosis arising from the lumen of the artery occlusion. In recent years studies have suggested that insulin resistance and atherosclerosis is closely related to the occurrence, Ⅱ type 2 diabetes patients often have insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia associated with coronary heart disease.
5, obesity is also atherosclerosis risk factors. Obesity can lead to plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels increased, obesity is often accompanied or diabetes, hypertension, the study concluded that obesity in recent years often have insulin resistance, thus atherosclerosis significantly higher incidence rate.
5/04/2008
What is atherosclerosis?
What is atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis refers to the early artery intima there are limitations of the injury, in the blood lipid will be deposited on the endometrium, then endometrial hyperplasia connective tissue fibers, a partial cause endometrial thickening or uplift, the formation of plaque , In this after so many plaques in the following necrosis, the collapse of softening, looks like the surface artery intima poured a layer of watery gruel on the way, it referred to as atherosclerosis. This hardening of the plaque formation of the limitations of narrow, causing varying degrees of vascular obstruction, affecting smooth flow, resulting in the corresponding body organ ischemia, a dysfunction. The most easily lead to atherosclerosis is the site of coronary and cerebral artery, followed by the renal artery, abdominal aortic artery and lower extremities.
Atherosclerosis is one of the most clinical significance of arterial disease, pose the greatest threat to humanity, with the improvement of living standards of our people, atherosclerosis increasing the incidence of high, enough to cause people's attention, to prevent.
Atherosclerosis refers to the early artery intima there are limitations of the injury, in the blood lipid will be deposited on the endometrium, then endometrial hyperplasia connective tissue fibers, a partial cause endometrial thickening or uplift, the formation of plaque , In this after so many plaques in the following necrosis, the collapse of softening, looks like the surface artery intima poured a layer of watery gruel on the way, it referred to as atherosclerosis. This hardening of the plaque formation of the limitations of narrow, causing varying degrees of vascular obstruction, affecting smooth flow, resulting in the corresponding body organ ischemia, a dysfunction. The most easily lead to atherosclerosis is the site of coronary and cerebral artery, followed by the renal artery, abdominal aortic artery and lower extremities.
Atherosclerosis is one of the most clinical significance of arterial disease, pose the greatest threat to humanity, with the improvement of living standards of our people, atherosclerosis increasing the incidence of high, enough to cause people's attention, to prevent.
Atherosclerosis Summary
Atherosclerosis Summary
Atherosclerosis is the artery wall thickening and loss of flexibility in several diseases, collectively, atherosclerosis is the most common and important types. Atherosclerosis is the main artery lesions characteristic of certain parts of the endometrium lipid deposition, accompanied by smooth muscle cells and the proliferation of fiber matrix, a progressive development of atherosclerotic plaque.
It is a main artery to the middle spot and flake under endometrial thickening (of atherosclerosis) for the characteristics of the disease, can reduce or block blood flow. Plaque parts of the artery wall thickening and hardening, the plaque with the internal organization of necrosis after the deposition of lipids, a porridge-like substance, known as atherosclerosis.
Its characteristics are involved artery intima a class of lipid calm, the accumulation of complex carbohydrates, fiber proliferation and then calmly calcium, and the middle artery disease. The disease mainly involving large and medium-sized stretch of muscle arteries to the aorta, coronary and cerebral artery Most of the lumen often leads to occlusion or rupture of the wall, and other serious consequences. Atherosclerosis more common in men over the age of 40 and women after menopause. The disease frequently have high blood pressure, high cholesterol or diabetes, hyperlipidemia. Mental work to see more of the health hazards of a great people, mainly elderly people died as one of the reasons.
Atherosclerosis is usually scattered, in the aorta to 3 mm diameter of the artery intima occurred, the most common in the coronary artery, coronary heart disease is the main cause of morbidity.
Atherosclerosis is the artery wall thickening and loss of flexibility in several diseases, collectively, atherosclerosis is the most common and important types. Atherosclerosis is the main artery lesions characteristic of certain parts of the endometrium lipid deposition, accompanied by smooth muscle cells and the proliferation of fiber matrix, a progressive development of atherosclerotic plaque.
It is a main artery to the middle spot and flake under endometrial thickening (of atherosclerosis) for the characteristics of the disease, can reduce or block blood flow. Plaque parts of the artery wall thickening and hardening, the plaque with the internal organization of necrosis after the deposition of lipids, a porridge-like substance, known as atherosclerosis.
Its characteristics are involved artery intima a class of lipid calm, the accumulation of complex carbohydrates, fiber proliferation and then calmly calcium, and the middle artery disease. The disease mainly involving large and medium-sized stretch of muscle arteries to the aorta, coronary and cerebral artery Most of the lumen often leads to occlusion or rupture of the wall, and other serious consequences. Atherosclerosis more common in men over the age of 40 and women after menopause. The disease frequently have high blood pressure, high cholesterol or diabetes, hyperlipidemia. Mental work to see more of the health hazards of a great people, mainly elderly people died as one of the reasons.
Atherosclerosis is usually scattered, in the aorta to 3 mm diameter of the artery intima occurred, the most common in the coronary artery, coronary heart disease is the main cause of morbidity.
What is coronary atherosclerosis?
What is coronary atherosclerosis?
Heart is a 24-hour non-stop work of the organ, the need to ensure sufficient blood supply, we must have a unique blood supply system to ensure that the cardiac blood supply, no one has coronary artery stenosis and obstruction caused by it will supply the local Myocardial ischemia, or necrosis, the most common is atherosclerotic plaque formation of the lumen stenosis, is due to the lower part of the vascular endothelial injury, on the basis of endothelial injury, the patient's own fat metabolism, abnormal cholesterol metabolism, causing A number of atherosclerotic plaque formation of these plaques in the injury of endothelial adhesion, the lumen gradually narrowed, in some cases of coronary spasm in this or formed on the basis of a thrombosis, it will cause Local myocardial ischemia or myocardial necrosis, which is coronary atherosclerotic heart disease.
Heart is a 24-hour non-stop work of the organ, the need to ensure sufficient blood supply, we must have a unique blood supply system to ensure that the cardiac blood supply, no one has coronary artery stenosis and obstruction caused by it will supply the local Myocardial ischemia, or necrosis, the most common is atherosclerotic plaque formation of the lumen stenosis, is due to the lower part of the vascular endothelial injury, on the basis of endothelial injury, the patient's own fat metabolism, abnormal cholesterol metabolism, causing A number of atherosclerotic plaque formation of these plaques in the injury of endothelial adhesion, the lumen gradually narrowed, in some cases of coronary spasm in this or formed on the basis of a thrombosis, it will cause Local myocardial ischemia or myocardial necrosis, which is coronary atherosclerotic heart disease.
Atherosclerosis is how it formed
Atherosclerosis is how it formed
As cholesterol in the artery intima on precipitation, causing artery intima rugged surface like atherosclerosis, called atherosclerosis. The causes of internal factors (including genetic factors, etc.) and external factors (including environmental factors, etc.).
From the perspective of genetic factors, some of the family is the family of coronary heart disease, diabetes some family, some of the family of tumors, some are schizophrenic family, family history of the people, every generation may be genetic, may also be genetic parents. Age and sex can not be ignored two factors. According to the Beijing area over the 35-year-old 700,000 people survey, the incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke every 10-year-old rate three times higher, with age and the growth of atherosclerosis also speed up the pace. In terms of gender, pre-menopausal women in the protection of the ovarian hormone, rarely atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease in a few myocardial infarction, myocardial infarction before the age of 50 of the male to female ratio is 9:1, but after the age of 50, women Ovarian function wilt places, myocardial infarction patients also will be growth, 60-year-old men and women at a ratio of 3:1 to 70-year-old, the proportion of men and women have been close to 1:1; to 80-year-old, women slightly more than men. This set of figures show that women after menopause, with particular attention to blood pressure, heart and other aspects.
Although genetic factors, age and gender, the reasons for the change is not possible, but not the main (only 30 per cent), the external environment is the most important factor, accounting for about 70 percent.
Seven kinds of external factors, including: high blood pressure, high blood lipids, smoking, obesity, exercise too little, psychological tension and imbalance in diabetes. Three of them before the main external factors. Hypertension is a silent killer, it will artery atherosclerosis in 20 to 40 in advance, it must be early treatment. Hyperlipidemia and obesity are also very important risk factor. Obesity at the "Apple" and "Pear-type." Apple-obesity stomach, commonly known as "The General's belly," this figure of people, mainly accumulation of body fat in the visceral, heart and arteries, so even more dangerous, "Pear" obese buttocks, Tuicu, not stomachs Large, some small risk.
As cholesterol in the artery intima on precipitation, causing artery intima rugged surface like atherosclerosis, called atherosclerosis. The causes of internal factors (including genetic factors, etc.) and external factors (including environmental factors, etc.).
From the perspective of genetic factors, some of the family is the family of coronary heart disease, diabetes some family, some of the family of tumors, some are schizophrenic family, family history of the people, every generation may be genetic, may also be genetic parents. Age and sex can not be ignored two factors. According to the Beijing area over the 35-year-old 700,000 people survey, the incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke every 10-year-old rate three times higher, with age and the growth of atherosclerosis also speed up the pace. In terms of gender, pre-menopausal women in the protection of the ovarian hormone, rarely atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease in a few myocardial infarction, myocardial infarction before the age of 50 of the male to female ratio is 9:1, but after the age of 50, women Ovarian function wilt places, myocardial infarction patients also will be growth, 60-year-old men and women at a ratio of 3:1 to 70-year-old, the proportion of men and women have been close to 1:1; to 80-year-old, women slightly more than men. This set of figures show that women after menopause, with particular attention to blood pressure, heart and other aspects.
Although genetic factors, age and gender, the reasons for the change is not possible, but not the main (only 30 per cent), the external environment is the most important factor, accounting for about 70 percent.
Seven kinds of external factors, including: high blood pressure, high blood lipids, smoking, obesity, exercise too little, psychological tension and imbalance in diabetes. Three of them before the main external factors. Hypertension is a silent killer, it will artery atherosclerosis in 20 to 40 in advance, it must be early treatment. Hyperlipidemia and obesity are also very important risk factor. Obesity at the "Apple" and "Pear-type." Apple-obesity stomach, commonly known as "The General's belly," this figure of people, mainly accumulation of body fat in the visceral, heart and arteries, so even more dangerous, "Pear" obese buttocks, Tuicu, not stomachs Large, some small risk.
Diabetes risk of atherosclerosis
Diabetes risk of atherosclerosis
People with diabetes easy arteriosclerosis around the body, including brain, heart, kidney, peripheral vascular, in the main obstacle lies in fat metabolism, followed by hypertension.
In diabetes, in the abnormal fat metabolism, in insulin secretion by extremely low body fat and the majority of patients. The lack of insulin secretion in extreme circumstances, the decomposition of lipase activity will increase, resulting in a large number of free fatty acids out. Thus, in such circumstances, free fatty acids in the blood of about 1 / 3 poured into the liver, the synthesis of three acid fats (commonly known as the neutral fat), 3 acid synthesis for further oil very low density lipoprotein. However, the size of obesity patients, although a higher concentration of insulin, insulin but the body of the organization a considerable role in the resistance of the insulin can not bring into full play the role of circumstances, free fatty acids also increased, with the lower insulin secretion Shututonggui the situation. 3 acid grease and very low density lipoprotein synthesis will be increased, this is the general diabetes abnormal fat metabolism characteristics.
A small number of patients who may also be combined cholesterol increased, while harmful to the human body fat increased, on the other hand the human body beneficial high-density lipoprotein concentration instead of declining. This high-density lipoprotein in the body can be distributed in vascular smooth muscle of the free surface to attract lipoprotein cholesterol molecules inside, repeatedly attracted, with free cholesterol to the liver, through the alienation of bile acids, cholesterol from these in vitro. So high-density lipoprotein in the blood vessels in the human body, like scavenger of the work to prevent the progress of atherosclerosis.
In addition, the diabetes rate of hypertension is higher than most people, this is also easy to promote the cause of atherosclerosis. Hypertension and arteriosclerosis mutual influence between them, easy to promote atherosclerosis hypertension, atherosclerosis and high blood pressure is also easy to make, diabetes hypertension show people more easily, whether from vascular sclerosis, or the status of a single, easy to speed up the hardening of blood vessels to .
People with diabetes easy arteriosclerosis around the body, including brain, heart, kidney, peripheral vascular, in the main obstacle lies in fat metabolism, followed by hypertension.
In diabetes, in the abnormal fat metabolism, in insulin secretion by extremely low body fat and the majority of patients. The lack of insulin secretion in extreme circumstances, the decomposition of lipase activity will increase, resulting in a large number of free fatty acids out. Thus, in such circumstances, free fatty acids in the blood of about 1 / 3 poured into the liver, the synthesis of three acid fats (commonly known as the neutral fat), 3 acid synthesis for further oil very low density lipoprotein. However, the size of obesity patients, although a higher concentration of insulin, insulin but the body of the organization a considerable role in the resistance of the insulin can not bring into full play the role of circumstances, free fatty acids also increased, with the lower insulin secretion Shututonggui the situation. 3 acid grease and very low density lipoprotein synthesis will be increased, this is the general diabetes abnormal fat metabolism characteristics.
A small number of patients who may also be combined cholesterol increased, while harmful to the human body fat increased, on the other hand the human body beneficial high-density lipoprotein concentration instead of declining. This high-density lipoprotein in the body can be distributed in vascular smooth muscle of the free surface to attract lipoprotein cholesterol molecules inside, repeatedly attracted, with free cholesterol to the liver, through the alienation of bile acids, cholesterol from these in vitro. So high-density lipoprotein in the blood vessels in the human body, like scavenger of the work to prevent the progress of atherosclerosis.
In addition, the diabetes rate of hypertension is higher than most people, this is also easy to promote the cause of atherosclerosis. Hypertension and arteriosclerosis mutual influence between them, easy to promote atherosclerosis hypertension, atherosclerosis and high blood pressure is also easy to make, diabetes hypertension show people more easily, whether from vascular sclerosis, or the status of a single, easy to speed up the hardening of blood vessels to .
Global arterial thrombosis patient health survey launched
Global arterial thrombosis patient health survey launched
Medical research shows that atherosclerosis thrombosis is the death rate in the world list of factors, may lead the world each year about 26 million people died. In 2001 alone, atherosclerosis thrombosis which has led Asia 4.5 million people died, and this number is increasing year by year.
Artery thrombosis is a silent killer, it can lead to myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease. In arterial blood coagulation is the trigger heart disease, stroke and myocardial ischemia an important factor, this "silent killer" in the attack before the symptoms are usually not obvious. Once in the artery thrombosis, the elderly aged over 60 will shorten the life expectancy of 8-12 years.
A few days ago, held in Singapore the 14th Asia-Pacific cardiovascular during the General Assembly, Sanofi Alexandra Fort St. Group announced that it would launch a lasting health and for reducing arterial thrombosis formation of the global disease research. It will have a risk of arterial thrombosis in the health status of people a recorded archive, from 35 countries, will work together to establish an artery thrombosis cases the survey database to track follow-up within two years, 50,000 heart attack patients and Of high-risk group. The study may help doctors better understand a patient's artery thrombosis factors and disease process, thus further vascular diseases such lesions analysis, and the use of appropriate timing of intervention treatment. At present, there are 10 Asian countries participated in this investigation and study called REACH, China has 71 research centres, patients were recruited early this year.
Medical research shows that atherosclerosis thrombosis is the death rate in the world list of factors, may lead the world each year about 26 million people died. In 2001 alone, atherosclerosis thrombosis which has led Asia 4.5 million people died, and this number is increasing year by year.
Artery thrombosis is a silent killer, it can lead to myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease. In arterial blood coagulation is the trigger heart disease, stroke and myocardial ischemia an important factor, this "silent killer" in the attack before the symptoms are usually not obvious. Once in the artery thrombosis, the elderly aged over 60 will shorten the life expectancy of 8-12 years.
A few days ago, held in Singapore the 14th Asia-Pacific cardiovascular during the General Assembly, Sanofi Alexandra Fort St. Group announced that it would launch a lasting health and for reducing arterial thrombosis formation of the global disease research. It will have a risk of arterial thrombosis in the health status of people a recorded archive, from 35 countries, will work together to establish an artery thrombosis cases the survey database to track follow-up within two years, 50,000 heart attack patients and Of high-risk group. The study may help doctors better understand a patient's artery thrombosis factors and disease process, thus further vascular diseases such lesions analysis, and the use of appropriate timing of intervention treatment. At present, there are 10 Asian countries participated in this investigation and study called REACH, China has 71 research centres, patients were recruited early this year.
Introduction of arteriosclerosis obliterans
Introduction of arteriosclerosis obliterans
(1) What is arteriosclerosis obliterans » Atherosclerotic occlusive disease is atherosclerosis arising from the limbs, the main artery of the middle and chronic obstructive disease. Many occurred in people aged over 50, male to female ratio is about 6:1 to 9:1, the incidence rate of about 0.74 percent.
(2) atherosclerotic occlusion of the reasons for which the incidence » Is generally believed that the disease may be related to age, gender and sex hormones, blood lipids, smoking, high blood pressure and other factors.
(3) atherosclerotic occlusive disease pathogenesis » Low-density lipoprotein endothelial cells can enter the space under the endothelium, the artery wall decreased activity is conducive to deposition of cholesterol, LDL accumulation in Endo if not promptly after the three-dimensional extension of cell metabolism, swallowed up the fat cells Muscle cells into macrophages fat cells, macrophages fat cells increased, accumulation, gradually forming plaque. Lead to endometrial vascular damage, thrombosis.
(4) atherosclerotic occlusion of the clinical manifestations which » Mainly intermittent claudication, rest pain, ischemic performance, vascular and arterial pulse, and other noises.
(5) atherosclerotic occlusion of the treatment of what » Under the circumstances the use of non-surgical treatment and surgical treatment. General attention should be paid to diet, smoking cessation, exercise and drug treatment, 50 healthy people over the age of attention should be paid to prevention, regular physical examination, eating more fresh light. Once a high blood lipids, to timely treatment to prevent the disease increased.
(1) What is arteriosclerosis obliterans » Atherosclerotic occlusive disease is atherosclerosis arising from the limbs, the main artery of the middle and chronic obstructive disease. Many occurred in people aged over 50, male to female ratio is about 6:1 to 9:1, the incidence rate of about 0.74 percent.
(2) atherosclerotic occlusion of the reasons for which the incidence » Is generally believed that the disease may be related to age, gender and sex hormones, blood lipids, smoking, high blood pressure and other factors.
(3) atherosclerotic occlusive disease pathogenesis » Low-density lipoprotein endothelial cells can enter the space under the endothelium, the artery wall decreased activity is conducive to deposition of cholesterol, LDL accumulation in Endo if not promptly after the three-dimensional extension of cell metabolism, swallowed up the fat cells Muscle cells into macrophages fat cells, macrophages fat cells increased, accumulation, gradually forming plaque. Lead to endometrial vascular damage, thrombosis.
(4) atherosclerotic occlusion of the clinical manifestations which » Mainly intermittent claudication, rest pain, ischemic performance, vascular and arterial pulse, and other noises.
(5) atherosclerotic occlusion of the treatment of what » Under the circumstances the use of non-surgical treatment and surgical treatment. General attention should be paid to diet, smoking cessation, exercise and drug treatment, 50 healthy people over the age of attention should be paid to prevention, regular physical examination, eating more fresh light. Once a high blood lipids, to timely treatment to prevent the disease increased.
Pneumonia can be therapeutic
Pneumonia can be therapeutic
Pneumonia is a common respiratory disease, some people have low immune function, particularly the inherent weaknesses of premature infants, especially in cold weather in winter and spring, the risk of upper respiratory tract infection, inflammation often along the trachea, bronchial downward spread to the lungs, Usually first fever, cough and other symptoms, if persistent fever, cough increased, it could change for pneumonia, with the expansion of pulmonary inflammation, respiratory function to the affected n, with a short breath, Asthmatic, nose Shandong and nasolabial District cyanosis; some patients because of high fever and cerebral hypoxia, caused cerebral edema, lethargy or irritability there, and even coma.
Severe pneumonia is one of the threats to the lives of infants and young children in danger lies prevention, peace should pay attention to indoor air circulation, carefully dressed and well-being, on time for children to vaccination, pneumonia patients can play a therapeutic effect.
Chestnut burned pork: 250 grams from Chestnut, 500 grams of lean pork, salt, ginger and a little of the lobster sauce, peeled chestnut, pork cuts, such as seasoning with salt, add water suitable braised, Shulan can.
Naitangguozi fish: one for live carp, ham films, Yu Lanpian, mushrooms films, onions, ginger, mirrin, salt, vinegar, Naitang (gp chicken, duck, pork bone stew and soup) appropriate, will carp A post-mortem to scale chamber, to remove offal, cleaned and cut into tile massive investment Chaoshaodianfan Congjiang together several times, and mirrin, salt and other spices, then add Naitang, coupled with appropriate amount of ham-chip, Yu Lanpian, mushrooms - , Stewing three minutes to eat.
Qiu Li Gao: 20 from Qiuli, jujube 1,000 grams, Xianou 1,500 grams, 300 grams Xianjiang, Bingtang, honey appropriate. First pear, date, lotus root, ginger smashed Qu Zhi, Aogao heating, melting into the Bingtang, use honey or cream, can be arbitrarily taken sooner or later.
Shepherd's Purse Jiangtang: Fresh from Shepherd's Purse i00 grams, 10 grams Xianjiang, a little salt. Shepherd's Purse will wash chopped, ginger slices, plus 4 bowl of water, Zhu Zhi 2 bowl, season with salt, taking two hours a day, and even served on the 3rd.
Huang Jing cook Bingtang: Wong Jing from 30 grams, Bingtang appropriate, Huang Jing washed with clean water foam, home casseroles, who Add Bingtang, adequate water, after decocting Yintang, served on the 2nd.
Luffa of rattan: settle cut towel gourd vine, put a bottle, a stem off the juice out, do drop, the full bottle再换daily Yinfu.
Qingfei soup: Yinhua from 10 grams, 12 grams Arctiin, Houttuynia 15 grams, 10 grams Cortex Mori, licorice six grams of Health, will be on the increase Shui Jianfu Wuwei, served on the 2nd.
Pneumonia is a common respiratory disease, some people have low immune function, particularly the inherent weaknesses of premature infants, especially in cold weather in winter and spring, the risk of upper respiratory tract infection, inflammation often along the trachea, bronchial downward spread to the lungs, Usually first fever, cough and other symptoms, if persistent fever, cough increased, it could change for pneumonia, with the expansion of pulmonary inflammation, respiratory function to the affected n, with a short breath, Asthmatic, nose Shandong and nasolabial District cyanosis; some patients because of high fever and cerebral hypoxia, caused cerebral edema, lethargy or irritability there, and even coma.
Severe pneumonia is one of the threats to the lives of infants and young children in danger lies prevention, peace should pay attention to indoor air circulation, carefully dressed and well-being, on time for children to vaccination, pneumonia patients can play a therapeutic effect.
Chestnut burned pork: 250 grams from Chestnut, 500 grams of lean pork, salt, ginger and a little of the lobster sauce, peeled chestnut, pork cuts, such as seasoning with salt, add water suitable braised, Shulan can.
Naitangguozi fish: one for live carp, ham films, Yu Lanpian, mushrooms films, onions, ginger, mirrin, salt, vinegar, Naitang (gp chicken, duck, pork bone stew and soup) appropriate, will carp A post-mortem to scale chamber, to remove offal, cleaned and cut into tile massive investment Chaoshaodianfan Congjiang together several times, and mirrin, salt and other spices, then add Naitang, coupled with appropriate amount of ham-chip, Yu Lanpian, mushrooms - , Stewing three minutes to eat.
Qiu Li Gao: 20 from Qiuli, jujube 1,000 grams, Xianou 1,500 grams, 300 grams Xianjiang, Bingtang, honey appropriate. First pear, date, lotus root, ginger smashed Qu Zhi, Aogao heating, melting into the Bingtang, use honey or cream, can be arbitrarily taken sooner or later.
Shepherd's Purse Jiangtang: Fresh from Shepherd's Purse i00 grams, 10 grams Xianjiang, a little salt. Shepherd's Purse will wash chopped, ginger slices, plus 4 bowl of water, Zhu Zhi 2 bowl, season with salt, taking two hours a day, and even served on the 3rd.
Huang Jing cook Bingtang: Wong Jing from 30 grams, Bingtang appropriate, Huang Jing washed with clean water foam, home casseroles, who Add Bingtang, adequate water, after decocting Yintang, served on the 2nd.
Luffa of rattan: settle cut towel gourd vine, put a bottle, a stem off the juice out, do drop, the full bottle再换daily Yinfu.
Qingfei soup: Yinhua from 10 grams, 12 grams Arctiin, Houttuynia 15 grams, 10 grams Cortex Mori, licorice six grams of Health, will be on the increase Shui Jianfu Wuwei, served on the 2nd.
Pneumonia therapeutic side
Pneumonia therapeutic side
Kom, a steamed fresh ice
Components: a Guanggan, Bingtang 15 grams.
Usage: Guanggan will be cut under a small piece, installed in the Kom Bingtang, covered with skin. Inserted a thin bamboo sticks under fixed, fresh steamed home bowl.
Effects: heat Runfei, health-cough.
Indications: pneumonia, a wind-heat Fanfei, expectoration不爽, sputum viscous yellow color, body heat thirsty, nose-Cloud T.
2, the lean meat stewed buckwheat
Components: 250 grams of lean meat, the buckwheat 100 grams, 200 grams of white gourd, sweet bellflower 150 grams, ginger 2.
Usage: Wash release on the Wuwei Dunzhong, moderate increases in boiling water, cover, at boiling water to slow Huodun two hours.
Effects: Qingrejiedu, Painong phlegm.
Indications: pneumonia, a Tanreqing Yu-lung, cough, Tanduo Huang thick, Xiongxiezhangman, body heat thirsty, Shehong, Moss Huang tired, slip a few veins.
Kom, a steamed fresh ice
Components: a Guanggan, Bingtang 15 grams.
Usage: Guanggan will be cut under a small piece, installed in the Kom Bingtang, covered with skin. Inserted a thin bamboo sticks under fixed, fresh steamed home bowl.
Effects: heat Runfei, health-cough.
Indications: pneumonia, a wind-heat Fanfei, expectoration不爽, sputum viscous yellow color, body heat thirsty, nose-Cloud T.
2, the lean meat stewed buckwheat
Components: 250 grams of lean meat, the buckwheat 100 grams, 200 grams of white gourd, sweet bellflower 150 grams, ginger 2.
Usage: Wash release on the Wuwei Dunzhong, moderate increases in boiling water, cover, at boiling water to slow Huodun two hours.
Effects: Qingrejiedu, Painong phlegm.
Indications: pneumonia, a Tanreqing Yu-lung, cough, Tanduo Huang thick, Xiongxiezhangman, body heat thirsty, Shehong, Moss Huang tired, slip a few veins.
Pneumonia therapeutic side (a)
Pneumonia therapeutic side (a)
1. Chestnut burned pork (the civil)
Indications: pneumonia.
Formula: Chestnut 250 grams, 500 grams of lean pork, salt, ginger and a little of the lobster sauce.
Usage: Chestnut peeled, pork cuts, such as seasoning with salt, add water suitable braised, Shulan can.
2. Lily-yi meters (TCM prescription)
Indications: pneumonia.
Formula: yi metres 200 grams, 50 grams Lily.
Usage: Add to pot flavor will be two, five bowls of water, torment into three bowls, Fen Sanci clothes day after eating.
3. Houttuynia eggs (TCM prescription)
Indications: pneumonia.
Formula: a Houttuynia, a few eggs.
Usage: Don He Baodan few days can be more fresh.
1. Chestnut burned pork (the civil)
Indications: pneumonia.
Formula: Chestnut 250 grams, 500 grams of lean pork, salt, ginger and a little of the lobster sauce.
Usage: Chestnut peeled, pork cuts, such as seasoning with salt, add water suitable braised, Shulan can.
2. Lily-yi meters (TCM prescription)
Indications: pneumonia.
Formula: yi metres 200 grams, 50 grams Lily.
Usage: Add to pot flavor will be two, five bowls of water, torment into three bowls, Fen Sanci clothes day after eating.
3. Houttuynia eggs (TCM prescription)
Indications: pneumonia.
Formula: a Houttuynia, a few eggs.
Usage: Don He Baodan few days can be more fresh.
Pneumonia and therapeutic feeding, (2)
Pneumonia and therapeutic feeding, (2)
1. Eel oil drink (the civil)
Indications: pneumonia and high fever.
Formula: eel adequate oil, salt a little.
Usage: steamed out of eels in the oil-Dianyan, each a small cup, oral twice.
2. Shepherd's Purse Jiang Tang (the civil)
Indications: pneumonia.
Formula: Shepherd's Purse few hundred grams, 10 grams Xianjiang, a little salt.
Usage: Shepherd's Purse will wash chopped, ginger slices, plus 4 bowl of water, Zhuzhiliangwan, seasoned with salt, taken twice daily.
3. Naitangguozi fish (the civil)
Indications: pneumonia.
Formula: a live carp, ham, a few films, Magnolia few films, several films mushrooms, onions, ginger, mirrin, salt, vinegar, Naitang (chicken, duck, pork bone stew and soup) appropriate.
Usage: Carp to scale the Ripper, offal removed, washed into tile block, with onions, ginger together Add to Youchao Dianfan for a long time, plus mirrin, salt and other spices, then add Naitang, coupled with appropriate The ham-chip, Yu Lanpian, mushrooms films, stewing about three minutes into the pot consumed within Shing.
1. Eel oil drink (the civil)
Indications: pneumonia and high fever.
Formula: eel adequate oil, salt a little.
Usage: steamed out of eels in the oil-Dianyan, each a small cup, oral twice.
2. Shepherd's Purse Jiang Tang (the civil)
Indications: pneumonia.
Formula: Shepherd's Purse few hundred grams, 10 grams Xianjiang, a little salt.
Usage: Shepherd's Purse will wash chopped, ginger slices, plus 4 bowl of water, Zhuzhiliangwan, seasoned with salt, taken twice daily.
3. Naitangguozi fish (the civil)
Indications: pneumonia.
Formula: a live carp, ham, a few films, Magnolia few films, several films mushrooms, onions, ginger, mirrin, salt, vinegar, Naitang (chicken, duck, pork bone stew and soup) appropriate.
Usage: Carp to scale the Ripper, offal removed, washed into tile block, with onions, ginger together Add to Youchao Dianfan for a long time, plus mirrin, salt and other spices, then add Naitang, coupled with appropriate The ham-chip, Yu Lanpian, mushrooms films, stewing about three minutes into the pot consumed within Shing.
Anti-pneumonia to bogey the dietary factors
Anti-pneumonia to bogey the dietary factors
(1) bogey spicy greasy food: acute pneumonia and a fever, consumption of the human body upright and viscera impact features, easy to reduce the lead to digestive function, high-nutrition food, light, suitable Yi Xiaohua, do not eat fish, the flesh is too oily The goods, so as not to be suppressed in the coke and transportation of the disadvantaged, but inadequate nutrition. Most of the greasy goods are hot, Health and heat, wet stagnation for the sputum is not conducive to the early rehabilitation Lung-Qi.
The nature of hot spicy food, heat-of-injury, pneumonia and a fever, the sum of two hot, as if negative paid firefighters to increase the illness. Therefore, patients with pneumonia in the diet should not join the pepper, pepper, mustard, Chuanjiao and other spices.
Wine is also an Xin heat of goods, can stimulate the throat and trachea, cause local congestion and edema, pneumonia patients should be banned.
(2) to be appropriate to choose fruit varieties: pneumonia patients appropriate amount of water and eating fruit on the rehabilitation of the disease is beneficial. Most of the fruits of useful, but not willing to eat the fruit temperature, such as peach, apricot, plums, oranges, etc., so as not to help heat Shengtan. Even some of the cold fruit, but also non-Duoduoyishan. If the excessive nature of the Han Liang eat some fruit, spleen and stomach injury to the yang, hindered transport capabilities, not conducive to the rehabilitation of the disease.
(1) bogey spicy greasy food: acute pneumonia and a fever, consumption of the human body upright and viscera impact features, easy to reduce the lead to digestive function, high-nutrition food, light, suitable Yi Xiaohua, do not eat fish, the flesh is too oily The goods, so as not to be suppressed in the coke and transportation of the disadvantaged, but inadequate nutrition. Most of the greasy goods are hot, Health and heat, wet stagnation for the sputum is not conducive to the early rehabilitation Lung-Qi.
The nature of hot spicy food, heat-of-injury, pneumonia and a fever, the sum of two hot, as if negative paid firefighters to increase the illness. Therefore, patients with pneumonia in the diet should not join the pepper, pepper, mustard, Chuanjiao and other spices.
Wine is also an Xin heat of goods, can stimulate the throat and trachea, cause local congestion and edema, pneumonia patients should be banned.
(2) to be appropriate to choose fruit varieties: pneumonia patients appropriate amount of water and eating fruit on the rehabilitation of the disease is beneficial. Most of the fruits of useful, but not willing to eat the fruit temperature, such as peach, apricot, plums, oranges, etc., so as not to help heat Shengtan. Even some of the cold fruit, but also non-Duoduoyishan. If the excessive nature of the Han Liang eat some fruit, spleen and stomach injury to the yang, hindered transport capabilities, not conducive to the rehabilitation of the disease.
Prevention of Atypical Pneumonia Medicinal Diet
Prevention of Atypical Pneumonia Medicinal Diet
1). Liangban Houttuynia:
Ingredients: 150 grams Houttuynia, three ginger, garlic 3, Congbai 3 stems, appropriate condiments.
Zhufa: Houttuynia Optional wash clean, cut; ginger washed Qiesi; Wash garlic, Qieli; Congbai washed Qieli. Add to Houttuynia session will include Jiangsi, Suanli, sesame oil, vinegar, soy sauce, Chicken appropriate拌匀top.
The number of proposed consumption: one daily.
2). Liangban Schizonepeta tenuifolia:
Ingredients: 100 grams Schizonepeta tenuifolia, three ginger, garlic 3, Congbai 3 stems, appropriate condiments.
Zhufa: Optional Schizonepeta tenuifolia wash clean, cut; ginger washed Qiesi; Wash garlic, Qieli; Congbai washed Qieli. Add to Schizonepeta tenuifolia session will include Jiangsi, Suanli, sesame oil, vinegar, soy sauce, Chicken appropriate拌匀top.
The number of proposed consumption: one daily.
3). Liangban Mint:
Ingredients: 100 grams of mint, three ginger, garlic 3, Congbai 3 stems, appropriate condiments.
Zhufa: Mint Optional wash clean, cut; ginger washed Qiesi; Wash garlic, Qieli; Congbai washed Qieli. Add to mint session will include Jiangsi, Suanli, sesame oil, vinegar, soy sauce, Chicken appropriate top.
The number of proposed consumption: one daily.
1). Liangban Houttuynia:
Ingredients: 150 grams Houttuynia, three ginger, garlic 3, Congbai 3 stems, appropriate condiments.
Zhufa: Houttuynia Optional wash clean, cut; ginger washed Qiesi; Wash garlic, Qieli; Congbai washed Qieli. Add to Houttuynia session will include Jiangsi, Suanli, sesame oil, vinegar, soy sauce, Chicken appropriate拌匀top.
The number of proposed consumption: one daily.
2). Liangban Schizonepeta tenuifolia:
Ingredients: 100 grams Schizonepeta tenuifolia, three ginger, garlic 3, Congbai 3 stems, appropriate condiments.
Zhufa: Optional Schizonepeta tenuifolia wash clean, cut; ginger washed Qiesi; Wash garlic, Qieli; Congbai washed Qieli. Add to Schizonepeta tenuifolia session will include Jiangsi, Suanli, sesame oil, vinegar, soy sauce, Chicken appropriate拌匀top.
The number of proposed consumption: one daily.
3). Liangban Mint:
Ingredients: 100 grams of mint, three ginger, garlic 3, Congbai 3 stems, appropriate condiments.
Zhufa: Mint Optional wash clean, cut; ginger washed Qiesi; Wash garlic, Qieli; Congbai washed Qieli. Add to mint session will include Jiangsi, Suanli, sesame oil, vinegar, soy sauce, Chicken appropriate top.
The number of proposed consumption: one daily.
Pneumonia Medicinal Diet
Pneumonia Medicinal Diet
1) compound silver chrysanthemum tea honeysuckle 21 grams, chrysanthemums, leaves the nine grams, 6 grams almonds, Rhizoma Phragmitis 30 grams (fresh, double), water to cook, to Java, by adding 30 grams of honey, and tea drinking. Apply to the beginning of pneumonia and is certified to Fanfei hot wind.
2) Rhizoma Phragmitis Zhu Li porridge Rhizoma Phragmitis 60 grams (fresh, double), water to cook, to filter juice residue, plus regular rice and 50 grams adequate water, Gongzhu for Xizhou, adding Zhuli 30 grams, 15 grams Bingtang, slightly Zhuhou to take a day 1-2. Pneumonia is certified Feireyongsheng, this can serve porridge, as a complementary treatment.
3) compound Houttuynia porridge Houttuynia, honeysuckle, Rhizoma Phragmitis, Sheng Shigao 30 grams each, Zhuru nine grams, and water to cook, to filter juice residue, plus regular rice and 100 grams of adequate water, Gongzhu for Xiyu, Canada Bingtang 30 grams, Shaozhu. 1-2 days to take. Indications Ibid.
4) 5 juice drink water chestnuts juice, fresh Rhizoma Phragmitis juice, fresh Ouzhi, pear juice, juice of the contour Maidong mixed. 30 ml per Yinfu, three times a day. Yan apply to the recovery phase is certified I Haoshang, showed low heat, thirst and were upset.
1) compound silver chrysanthemum tea honeysuckle 21 grams, chrysanthemums, leaves the nine grams, 6 grams almonds, Rhizoma Phragmitis 30 grams (fresh, double), water to cook, to Java, by adding 30 grams of honey, and tea drinking. Apply to the beginning of pneumonia and is certified to Fanfei hot wind.
2) Rhizoma Phragmitis Zhu Li porridge Rhizoma Phragmitis 60 grams (fresh, double), water to cook, to filter juice residue, plus regular rice and 50 grams adequate water, Gongzhu for Xizhou, adding Zhuli 30 grams, 15 grams Bingtang, slightly Zhuhou to take a day 1-2. Pneumonia is certified Feireyongsheng, this can serve porridge, as a complementary treatment.
3) compound Houttuynia porridge Houttuynia, honeysuckle, Rhizoma Phragmitis, Sheng Shigao 30 grams each, Zhuru nine grams, and water to cook, to filter juice residue, plus regular rice and 100 grams of adequate water, Gongzhu for Xiyu, Canada Bingtang 30 grams, Shaozhu. 1-2 days to take. Indications Ibid.
4) 5 juice drink water chestnuts juice, fresh Rhizoma Phragmitis juice, fresh Ouzhi, pear juice, juice of the contour Maidong mixed. 30 ml per Yinfu, three times a day. Yan apply to the recovery phase is certified I Haoshang, showed low heat, thirst and were upset.
How to adjust the elderly patients with pneumonia eating
How to adjust the elderly patients with pneumonia eating
(1) as many as possible of drinking water, eating Yi Xiaohua juice or semi-flow of food to Lishi of sputum, timely Expectoration.
(2) bogey tobacco and alcohol, anti-irritant spicy food, to avoid excessive coughing.
(3) pneumonia frequently have high fever, consumption of a great body, it should provide high-energy, high-protein consumption and easy to digest food. Can be properly eat more fruits, to increase water and vitamins. Vitamin C can enhance human immunity, vitamin A favourable to the protection of respiratory mucosa.
In addition, elderly patients with pneumonia following a choice of food for therapeutic feeding.
(1) 200 grams of fresh banana roots, Daolanjiaozhi cook, plus a little salt for clothes. With heat Runchang role. Applicable to the elderly pneumonia patients stool stem end.
(2) Sydney 1 to 2, 30 grams of black bean. Wash pears will slice, adequate water, Add to black bean, with Wenhuodunlan, after taking cooked. Applicable to the elderly, pneumonia Feishen deficiency.
(3) bird's nest six grams, 9 grams tremella, Bingtang appropriate. Will be bird's nest, Tremella with blisters, fever, optional wash clean, Add to Bingtang, Ge Shuidun cooked serving. Applicable to the elderly pneumonia.
(4) a non-lung lavage, a sweet almond 49 (peeled tip), Chuanbei 15 grams (to heart), 1 teaspoon ginger juice, honey 30 grams, four of the flavor Rufei Zhajin, white boiled Cooked, with fresh Decoction. Applicable to the elderly pneumonia.
(5) Zipi 30 grams of garlic (peeled and let cook in boiling water for one minute after the coat), 60 grams of rice, white flour and 5 grams. Will be rice, white flour and cooked in water, re-entry of garlic Zhucheng Yu, Chang Fu early dinner.
(6) New Lily 200 grams, honey and steamed soft and often have Runfei cough consumption of power. Applicable to the elderly pneumonia dry cough, sputum less.
(1) as many as possible of drinking water, eating Yi Xiaohua juice or semi-flow of food to Lishi of sputum, timely Expectoration.
(2) bogey tobacco and alcohol, anti-irritant spicy food, to avoid excessive coughing.
(3) pneumonia frequently have high fever, consumption of a great body, it should provide high-energy, high-protein consumption and easy to digest food. Can be properly eat more fruits, to increase water and vitamins. Vitamin C can enhance human immunity, vitamin A favourable to the protection of respiratory mucosa.
In addition, elderly patients with pneumonia following a choice of food for therapeutic feeding.
(1) 200 grams of fresh banana roots, Daolanjiaozhi cook, plus a little salt for clothes. With heat Runchang role. Applicable to the elderly pneumonia patients stool stem end.
(2) Sydney 1 to 2, 30 grams of black bean. Wash pears will slice, adequate water, Add to black bean, with Wenhuodunlan, after taking cooked. Applicable to the elderly, pneumonia Feishen deficiency.
(3) bird's nest six grams, 9 grams tremella, Bingtang appropriate. Will be bird's nest, Tremella with blisters, fever, optional wash clean, Add to Bingtang, Ge Shuidun cooked serving. Applicable to the elderly pneumonia.
(4) a non-lung lavage, a sweet almond 49 (peeled tip), Chuanbei 15 grams (to heart), 1 teaspoon ginger juice, honey 30 grams, four of the flavor Rufei Zhajin, white boiled Cooked, with fresh Decoction. Applicable to the elderly pneumonia.
(5) Zipi 30 grams of garlic (peeled and let cook in boiling water for one minute after the coat), 60 grams of rice, white flour and 5 grams. Will be rice, white flour and cooked in water, re-entry of garlic Zhucheng Yu, Chang Fu early dinner.
(6) New Lily 200 grams, honey and steamed soft and often have Runfei cough consumption of power. Applicable to the elderly pneumonia dry cough, sputum less.
Pneumonia patients therapeutic methods
Pneumonia patients therapeutic methods
Pneumonia is the winter and spring of common diseases and frequently-occurring disease. After the illness, in addition to drug treatment, diet therapy for patients with the rehabilitation is equally important.
Food for the purpose of
Pneumonia patients diet therapy is designed to enhance the body's immunity and prevent the condition deteriorated. Patients because of high fever, severe physical exertion, so patients must supply adequate nutrition, particularly the heat and high-quality protein to supplement the body's consumption. High-quality protein choice of milk, eggs, soy products, lean meat, the total daily 50 ~ 60 g suitable. Fat should be appropriate restrictions. Acid-base imbalances are common symptoms of pneumonia, should eat more fresh vegetables or fruits to supplement minerals, help to correct water, electrolyte disturbance. Can also be given iron-rich foods, such as animal offal, egg yolk; copper-rich foods, such as animal liver, Zhima Jiang, and so may also give dried small shrimps, dairy products and other high-calcium foods.
Different periods of therapeutic methods
Fever period should be to light the semi-liquid diet the better Shaoliangduocan.
When patients lack of oxygen, vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal paralysis or even gastrointestinal bleeding, should be hard and fast high-fiber foods and health onions, garlic, onions and other provocative food, so as not to increase the illness. Eat a cough phlegm heat of the fruit, such as pears, oranges, and so on. Should also ensure adequate water supply to prevent the symptoms of poisoning increased.
Pneumonia is the winter and spring of common diseases and frequently-occurring disease. After the illness, in addition to drug treatment, diet therapy for patients with the rehabilitation is equally important.
Food for the purpose of
Pneumonia patients diet therapy is designed to enhance the body's immunity and prevent the condition deteriorated. Patients because of high fever, severe physical exertion, so patients must supply adequate nutrition, particularly the heat and high-quality protein to supplement the body's consumption. High-quality protein choice of milk, eggs, soy products, lean meat, the total daily 50 ~ 60 g suitable. Fat should be appropriate restrictions. Acid-base imbalances are common symptoms of pneumonia, should eat more fresh vegetables or fruits to supplement minerals, help to correct water, electrolyte disturbance. Can also be given iron-rich foods, such as animal offal, egg yolk; copper-rich foods, such as animal liver, Zhima Jiang, and so may also give dried small shrimps, dairy products and other high-calcium foods.
Different periods of therapeutic methods
Fever period should be to light the semi-liquid diet the better Shaoliangduocan.
When patients lack of oxygen, vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal paralysis or even gastrointestinal bleeding, should be hard and fast high-fiber foods and health onions, garlic, onions and other provocative food, so as not to increase the illness. Eat a cough phlegm heat of the fruit, such as pears, oranges, and so on. Should also ensure adequate water supply to prevent the symptoms of poisoning increased.
Radioactive pneumonia how to conduct home care?
Radioactive pneumonia how to conduct home care
(1) to give a positive psychological counseling, so that patients can maintain a good spirit, confidence in conquering the disease. Family members accompany patients to be more, to give life care.
(2) attention should be paid to observe the patient's breathing frequency and depth, such as patients lips cyanosis, difficulty in breathing should be admitted semi-supine, given oxygen inhalation and conditions can infusion such as prednisone or dexamethasone, to ease Symptoms.
(3) daily observation of temperature changes, mild fever can be 30 percent rubbing alcohol or warm water bath. Massage Yongquan Xue, He Guxue, Quchi Xue, who can be re-hormones, intravenous antibiotics. Chinese medicine can be cool Bupleurum injection, Chuanhuning, Qingkailing injection, and so on.
(4) Note the changes in the patients cough and accompanied by symptoms, not easy to have the sputum Kechu, can pat his back, from a bottom-up help Expectoration. Oral licorice mixture, it Sou-ping. If a patient can not sleep dry cough, can be oral codeine 0.3 grams.
(5) maintain indoor clean, fresh air, indoor temperature usually in the 18 ~ 20 ℃ suitable, humidity of 60% to 65% better.
(6) Note time change clothes, bed sheets, blankets. Oral maintain clean, disease-resistant increase capacity, to prevent cross-infection. Smokers must quit.
(1) to give a positive psychological counseling, so that patients can maintain a good spirit, confidence in conquering the disease. Family members accompany patients to be more, to give life care.
(2) attention should be paid to observe the patient's breathing frequency and depth, such as patients lips cyanosis, difficulty in breathing should be admitted semi-supine, given oxygen inhalation and conditions can infusion such as prednisone or dexamethasone, to ease Symptoms.
(3) daily observation of temperature changes, mild fever can be 30 percent rubbing alcohol or warm water bath. Massage Yongquan Xue, He Guxue, Quchi Xue, who can be re-hormones, intravenous antibiotics. Chinese medicine can be cool Bupleurum injection, Chuanhuning, Qingkailing injection, and so on.
(4) Note the changes in the patients cough and accompanied by symptoms, not easy to have the sputum Kechu, can pat his back, from a bottom-up help Expectoration. Oral licorice mixture, it Sou-ping. If a patient can not sleep dry cough, can be oral codeine 0.3 grams.
(5) maintain indoor clean, fresh air, indoor temperature usually in the 18 ~ 20 ℃ suitable, humidity of 60% to 65% better.
(6) Note time change clothes, bed sheets, blankets. Oral maintain clean, disease-resistant increase capacity, to prevent cross-infection. Smokers must quit.
Viral pneumonia preventive measures
Viral pneumonia preventive measures
Virus antibodies later, the infection control of little use. Interferon cells susceptible to the infection has a protective effect, prevent disease progression and to prevent its spread effect. Cell-mediated immunity to a virus control, such as leukemia or Hodgkin's disease in cell-mediated immunity defect, it is easy to feel measles and chicken pox is a virus, and no susceptibility to other viruses. China has now widespread vaccination of infants and young children live attenuated measles vaccine, measles are already extremely rare, more rare pneumonia and measles.
The body's immune globulin passive immunization of susceptible patients, especially against chicken pox and measles have a protective effect. Specific immunization for influenza, adenovirus, measles, etc. Despite the protection, but can not completely prevent the attack.
Virus antibodies later, the infection control of little use. Interferon cells susceptible to the infection has a protective effect, prevent disease progression and to prevent its spread effect. Cell-mediated immunity to a virus control, such as leukemia or Hodgkin's disease in cell-mediated immunity defect, it is easy to feel measles and chicken pox is a virus, and no susceptibility to other viruses. China has now widespread vaccination of infants and young children live attenuated measles vaccine, measles are already extremely rare, more rare pneumonia and measles.
The body's immune globulin passive immunization of susceptible patients, especially against chicken pox and measles have a protective effect. Specific immunization for influenza, adenovirus, measles, etc. Despite the protection, but can not completely prevent the attack.
The prevention of pneumonia
The prevention of pneumonia
Pneumonia is a common multiple of infectious diseases, clinical performance was mainly a fever, cough, Duotan, chest pain, severe shortness of those panting, breathing difficulties, can be life-threatening. The World Health Organization (WHO), in a recent report that the global cause of morbidity and mortality caused by diseases, lower respiratory infections (mainly pneumonia) was listed as the third high against the disease. China in Beijing and other cities by nine over the age of 60 elderly people to focus on investigation, found suffering from common diseases by 26 per cent of pneumonia. Beijing, the cause of death in a hospital analysis showed that the pneumonia was 80 years old or older as the first cause of death.
Cause pneumonia pathogens are complex, including bacteria, viruses, such as Mycoplasma. But from pneumococcal pneumonia arising from the most common, reaching 83 percent, ranking the first. Worldwide, there are 5 to 10 percent of healthy adults and 20-40 percent of healthy children is the pneumococcal carriers. Pneumococcal general host in normal nasopharyngeal generally not the incidence, when the Human Immunodeficiency decline, such as colds, fatigue, chronic bronchitis, chronic heart disease, smoking, and other long-term, invasive pneumococcal flew to the human body, Cause pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis and meningitis, endocarditis, septicemia, and so on. Also in recent years because of the widespread application of antibiotics, pneumococcal produced a variety of drug resistance, which also brought difficulties for the treatment.
So, who is suffering from pneumonia? Easy » Is weak or physique of the people suffering from chronic diseases. For example: the elderly over the age of 60; recurrent respiratory tract infection of children and adults; suffering from chronic diseases, such as heart disease, lung disease, kidney disease, liver disease, diabetes, cancer patients; long-term hospitalization or Bedridden at home for the disabled patients, patients with Hodgkin's disease; drinking habits of people, and so on. These people are often low immunity, the body fight harmful bacteria against the weak.
Enhance physical fitness, improve their own immunity, is an effective way to prevent pneumonia. March 1988, the World Health Organization, held in Copenhagen, "the elderly pneumococcal vaccine advisory meeting" on the proposal, for all the elderly and all high-risk groups were given pneumonia vaccine. The United States in 2000 in the health goals, including the elderly over the age of 65, easily with pneumococcal infection in high-risk groups, the pneumococcal vaccine coverage rate should reach more than 60 percent. At the end of 1996 China's Ministry of Health approved pneumococcal vaccine to enter China, has been in the health and epidemic prevention departments across the country widely used.
The vaccination in the arm outside the skin, just an injection (0.5 ml), the protection period of up to 5 years or more. After the vaccination, a small number of people in the local injection of a slight swelling and pain, a handful of people (less than 1 percent), a low heat, can be found in two or three days, resume.
Pneumonia is a common multiple of infectious diseases, clinical performance was mainly a fever, cough, Duotan, chest pain, severe shortness of those panting, breathing difficulties, can be life-threatening. The World Health Organization (WHO), in a recent report that the global cause of morbidity and mortality caused by diseases, lower respiratory infections (mainly pneumonia) was listed as the third high against the disease. China in Beijing and other cities by nine over the age of 60 elderly people to focus on investigation, found suffering from common diseases by 26 per cent of pneumonia. Beijing, the cause of death in a hospital analysis showed that the pneumonia was 80 years old or older as the first cause of death.
Cause pneumonia pathogens are complex, including bacteria, viruses, such as Mycoplasma. But from pneumococcal pneumonia arising from the most common, reaching 83 percent, ranking the first. Worldwide, there are 5 to 10 percent of healthy adults and 20-40 percent of healthy children is the pneumococcal carriers. Pneumococcal general host in normal nasopharyngeal generally not the incidence, when the Human Immunodeficiency decline, such as colds, fatigue, chronic bronchitis, chronic heart disease, smoking, and other long-term, invasive pneumococcal flew to the human body, Cause pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis and meningitis, endocarditis, septicemia, and so on. Also in recent years because of the widespread application of antibiotics, pneumococcal produced a variety of drug resistance, which also brought difficulties for the treatment.
So, who is suffering from pneumonia? Easy » Is weak or physique of the people suffering from chronic diseases. For example: the elderly over the age of 60; recurrent respiratory tract infection of children and adults; suffering from chronic diseases, such as heart disease, lung disease, kidney disease, liver disease, diabetes, cancer patients; long-term hospitalization or Bedridden at home for the disabled patients, patients with Hodgkin's disease; drinking habits of people, and so on. These people are often low immunity, the body fight harmful bacteria against the weak.
Enhance physical fitness, improve their own immunity, is an effective way to prevent pneumonia. March 1988, the World Health Organization, held in Copenhagen, "the elderly pneumococcal vaccine advisory meeting" on the proposal, for all the elderly and all high-risk groups were given pneumonia vaccine. The United States in 2000 in the health goals, including the elderly over the age of 65, easily with pneumococcal infection in high-risk groups, the pneumococcal vaccine coverage rate should reach more than 60 percent. At the end of 1996 China's Ministry of Health approved pneumococcal vaccine to enter China, has been in the health and epidemic prevention departments across the country widely used.
The vaccination in the arm outside the skin, just an injection (0.5 ml), the protection period of up to 5 years or more. After the vaccination, a small number of people in the local injection of a slight swelling and pain, a handful of people (less than 1 percent), a low heat, can be found in two or three days, resume.
Who should receive the pneumonia vaccine inoculation?
Who should receive the pneumonia vaccine inoculation
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended by the pneumonia vaccination should accept the crowd include: all elderly people over the age of 60; more than 2-year-old frail and sick children; patients with chronic diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary heart disease , Coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, renal failure, cerebral vascular diseases, cancer patients; immunocompromised patients such as leukemia, lymphoma, long-term patients, such as immunosuppressants.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended by the pneumonia vaccination should accept the crowd include: all elderly people over the age of 60; more than 2-year-old frail and sick children; patients with chronic diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary heart disease , Coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, renal failure, cerebral vascular diseases, cancer patients; immunocompromised patients such as leukemia, lymphoma, long-term patients, such as immunosuppressants.
Infirm winter anti-pneumonia
Infirm winter anti-pneumonia
Pneumonia is a multi-common infectious diseases, illness, mainly as fever, cough, sputum, chest pain, severe shortness of those panting, breathing difficulties, can be life-threatening. Pneumonia is often weaker against the constitution, pneumonia and more in winter and spring disease, the infirm winter to prevent pneumonia.
Physical weak, mainly refers to the nutrition of children stunted, the lower the immune function of children over the age of 60 elderly people, especially those with chronic lung disease, heart and brain vascular disease, liver disease, kidney disease, diabetes and accept radiotherapy , The chemotherapy patients with recurrent colds, bronchitis, and pneumonia in children and adults.
The incidence of pneumonia from two types of pathogens, a class is always there, in peacetime, the most common is pneumococcal; another pathogen, in a pandemic occurs, is the most dangerous influenza virus , Can cause influenza and pneumonia. These two types of pathogens are as respiratory tract infections, especially in the winter high.
According to monitoring studies, there are some areas Pneumococcal more than 50 percent of the strains produced a resistance to antibiotics, in case of pneumonia treatment more difficult, so prevention is very important.
The infirm who can be injected pneumonia vaccine, can prevent more than 90 percent of pneumococcal bacteria, only one injection, the effective protection of at least five years or more.
Who should be vaccinated under the guidance of doctors, according to brochures provided vaccine to safely spend the winter.
Pneumonia is a multi-common infectious diseases, illness, mainly as fever, cough, sputum, chest pain, severe shortness of those panting, breathing difficulties, can be life-threatening. Pneumonia is often weaker against the constitution, pneumonia and more in winter and spring disease, the infirm winter to prevent pneumonia.
Physical weak, mainly refers to the nutrition of children stunted, the lower the immune function of children over the age of 60 elderly people, especially those with chronic lung disease, heart and brain vascular disease, liver disease, kidney disease, diabetes and accept radiotherapy , The chemotherapy patients with recurrent colds, bronchitis, and pneumonia in children and adults.
The incidence of pneumonia from two types of pathogens, a class is always there, in peacetime, the most common is pneumococcal; another pathogen, in a pandemic occurs, is the most dangerous influenza virus , Can cause influenza and pneumonia. These two types of pathogens are as respiratory tract infections, especially in the winter high.
According to monitoring studies, there are some areas Pneumococcal more than 50 percent of the strains produced a resistance to antibiotics, in case of pneumonia treatment more difficult, so prevention is very important.
The infirm who can be injected pneumonia vaccine, can prevent more than 90 percent of pneumococcal bacteria, only one injection, the effective protection of at least five years or more.
Who should be vaccinated under the guidance of doctors, according to brochures provided vaccine to safely spend the winter.
The persons who should be vaccinated pneumococcal vaccine?
The persons who should be vaccinated pneumococcal vaccine
First, pneumococcal infection from their carrier, when the lower resistance, pneumococcal pneumonia caused downward respiratory violations;
The second is from the people or patients infected by infection, pneumonia. Everyone has the chance of such pneumonia, but pneumonia in the high-risk groups include: children and frail adults, the elderly over the age of 60; repeated attacks on respiratory diseases, including sinusitis, otitis media in children and adults ; Lung disease patients, patients with heart disease, liver disease, kidney disease patients, patients with diabetes, cancer, sickle-cell anemia patients; Hodgkin's disease patients, immune system dysfunction; splenectomy; or Determined to carry out splenectomy patients, should be of at least 15 days before vaccination; determined to carry out immunosuppressive therapy, should be vaccinated in advance; living in chronic long-term care or long-term care institutions are.
And above all should be vaccinated "multi-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine," the main target.
First, pneumococcal infection from their carrier, when the lower resistance, pneumococcal pneumonia caused downward respiratory violations;
The second is from the people or patients infected by infection, pneumonia. Everyone has the chance of such pneumonia, but pneumonia in the high-risk groups include: children and frail adults, the elderly over the age of 60; repeated attacks on respiratory diseases, including sinusitis, otitis media in children and adults ; Lung disease patients, patients with heart disease, liver disease, kidney disease patients, patients with diabetes, cancer, sickle-cell anemia patients; Hodgkin's disease patients, immune system dysfunction; splenectomy; or Determined to carry out splenectomy patients, should be of at least 15 days before vaccination; determined to carry out immunosuppressive therapy, should be vaccinated in advance; living in chronic long-term care or long-term care institutions are.
And above all should be vaccinated "multi-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine," the main target.
Winter is the season of high incidence of pneumonia
Winter is the season of high incidence of pneumonia
The high incidence of tuberculosis is the season of a year in December to March next year's cold season, the elderly pneumonia in the winter of the highest incidence rate, accounting for 60% to 70% of people over the age of 80 died of pneumonia as the first cause Bit.
Older persons in all organ recession, the lower immune function, particularly immunoglobulin A decline in growth with age, so very susceptible to respiratory infections secondary to pneumonia. As the elderly potential complications of the disease, so the elderly pneumonia high mortality rate. In addition, many elderly people suffering from chronic diseases such as anaemia, diabetes, heart disease or cancer, often easily triggered pneumonia, coupled with serious air pollution in recent years, the lung damage.
The prevention of pneumonia and the most important thing is to pay attention to cold winter warmth; reasonable physical activity, so that the body can adapt to hot and cold weather changes to the regular room ventilation, maintain clean air, but also adoption of a healthy lifestyle, such as not becoming Tobacco, not alcohol; attention to food and clean water for the benefit of dilution from the sputum; active treatment of chronic diseases, particularly respiratory disease.
The high incidence of tuberculosis is the season of a year in December to March next year's cold season, the elderly pneumonia in the winter of the highest incidence rate, accounting for 60% to 70% of people over the age of 80 died of pneumonia as the first cause Bit.
Older persons in all organ recession, the lower immune function, particularly immunoglobulin A decline in growth with age, so very susceptible to respiratory infections secondary to pneumonia. As the elderly potential complications of the disease, so the elderly pneumonia high mortality rate. In addition, many elderly people suffering from chronic diseases such as anaemia, diabetes, heart disease or cancer, often easily triggered pneumonia, coupled with serious air pollution in recent years, the lung damage.
The prevention of pneumonia and the most important thing is to pay attention to cold winter warmth; reasonable physical activity, so that the body can adapt to hot and cold weather changes to the regular room ventilation, maintain clean air, but also adoption of a healthy lifestyle, such as not becoming Tobacco, not alcohol; attention to food and clean water for the benefit of dilution from the sputum; active treatment of chronic diseases, particularly respiratory disease.
Anti-pneumonia elderly Chunhan
Anti-pneumonia elderly ChunhanSpring, especially in early spring season, the elderly pneumonia morbidity and mortality rates suddenly rise, which is why »
Chinese medicine believes that the five internal organs are lung, lung to "dirty Concubine", the vagaries of spring, Hulenghure, when overcast, rainy weather poor adaptability, resistance to the weak, vulnerable to Hanxie invasion, leading to Fei Xu, triggered pneumonia . From the physical, the aging of the elderly respiratory tract, bronchial epithelial atrophy, cup-shaped cell proliferation, decreased clearance, plus the thymus degradation, T-cell reduction, poor immune function and prone to pneumonia.
Pneumonia is a common disease of older persons. According to statistics, the incidence of pneumonia and the growth of straight-line rise with age. According to clinical observations, the following conditions should be on high alert: First, the spirit of unknown cause shrinking, think of eating or not bedridden and the other is a cold after protracted Buyu, a breathing speed up, looking Chaohong, lips cyanosis third is the short term Orbital subsidence, the breakdown of the pulse, blood pressure dropped, hand-foot-cold; Fourth Shenpi lack of expression indifferent, lethargy; Fifth, it is "old chronic bronchitis" and other patients to shortness of breath, the color yellow or mixed Tanduo Blood-streaked phlegm.
Key to the prevention of pneumonia in the elderly, in whatever circumstances and actively participate in physical training to enhance physical fitness, improving disease resistance capacity. Second, we must reasonable nutrition, add in enough high-quality protein, vitamins, trace elements of food, eating more appropriate Ziyin Runfei food such as pear, lily, edible fungus, sesame, such as radish. Third, we should pay attention to home health. The elderly living room should be kept clean, fresh air, sunlight, temperature and humidity appropriate, disinfected regularly. Fourth, according to Chinese medicine, "Bai Bing starting from the cold", "Bai Bing long as the wind" theory, pay attention to disease prevention, precautions to prevent warm Hanxie invasion, cause colds.
Chinese medicine believes that the five internal organs are lung, lung to "dirty Concubine", the vagaries of spring, Hulenghure, when overcast, rainy weather poor adaptability, resistance to the weak, vulnerable to Hanxie invasion, leading to Fei Xu, triggered pneumonia . From the physical, the aging of the elderly respiratory tract, bronchial epithelial atrophy, cup-shaped cell proliferation, decreased clearance, plus the thymus degradation, T-cell reduction, poor immune function and prone to pneumonia.
Pneumonia is a common disease of older persons. According to statistics, the incidence of pneumonia and the growth of straight-line rise with age. According to clinical observations, the following conditions should be on high alert: First, the spirit of unknown cause shrinking, think of eating or not bedridden and the other is a cold after protracted Buyu, a breathing speed up, looking Chaohong, lips cyanosis third is the short term Orbital subsidence, the breakdown of the pulse, blood pressure dropped, hand-foot-cold; Fourth Shenpi lack of expression indifferent, lethargy; Fifth, it is "old chronic bronchitis" and other patients to shortness of breath, the color yellow or mixed Tanduo Blood-streaked phlegm.
Key to the prevention of pneumonia in the elderly, in whatever circumstances and actively participate in physical training to enhance physical fitness, improving disease resistance capacity. Second, we must reasonable nutrition, add in enough high-quality protein, vitamins, trace elements of food, eating more appropriate Ziyin Runfei food such as pear, lily, edible fungus, sesame, such as radish. Third, we should pay attention to home health. The elderly living room should be kept clean, fresh air, sunlight, temperature and humidity appropriate, disinfected regularly. Fourth, according to Chinese medicine, "Bai Bing starting from the cold", "Bai Bing long as the wind" theory, pay attention to disease prevention, precautions to prevent warm Hanxie invasion, cause colds.
How effective in preventing pneumonia in spring?
How effective in preventing pneumonia in springAt the beginning of spring, the season of conversion, the temperature, pressure, humidity rate of change, prevention of respiratory tract infections are particularly important. The immunization is a proven a good way, it applies to almost all kinds of people. Immunization "Dafangyizhen" or "a vaccine" is to enable the body to a pathogen or virus resistance to the very effective method. Pneumococcal vaccine for the vaccination to prevent pneumococcal infection is an effective security measures.
People in a variety of bacterial pneumonia, the most common on a few pneumococcal (also known as Streptococcus pneumoniae). According to statistics, in the world, pneumococcal each year at least 1 million people died of pneumonia, about 50,000 people died of meningitis. Healthy people may have nasopharyngeal pneumococcal there, when people at the lower the resistance to disease. Pneumococcal infection can occur in infants, children, adults and the elderly. As more and more of the pneumococcal penicillin resistant to antibiotics, in case of pneumococcal infection, to increase the difficulty of cure. If vaccination pneumococcal vaccine, increase body resistance ability to dispense with pneumococcal infection, the health certainly would be helpful. I nearly three years ago has given more than 30 bronchiectasis, bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis patients with a pneumococcal vaccine inoculation (23 Niumo law), these patients the chance of infection in the lungs decreased significantly, the quality of life greatly improved.
Pneumococcal vaccine is different from flu vaccine, do not have an annual injection. According to the study, a pneumococcal vaccine inoculation is valid for five years, security is not bad, relatively wide scope of application, including the elderly, children, the frail and sick people. The original patients with chronic respiratory diseases such as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary heart disease, bronchiectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic otitis media, sinusitis patients with the more necessary injection of pneumococcal vaccine. Usually relatively easy for bronchitis, pneumonia and the health of diabetic patients with pneumococcal vaccine injection of good health will be beneficial.
People in a variety of bacterial pneumonia, the most common on a few pneumococcal (also known as Streptococcus pneumoniae). According to statistics, in the world, pneumococcal each year at least 1 million people died of pneumonia, about 50,000 people died of meningitis. Healthy people may have nasopharyngeal pneumococcal there, when people at the lower the resistance to disease. Pneumococcal infection can occur in infants, children, adults and the elderly. As more and more of the pneumococcal penicillin resistant to antibiotics, in case of pneumococcal infection, to increase the difficulty of cure. If vaccination pneumococcal vaccine, increase body resistance ability to dispense with pneumococcal infection, the health certainly would be helpful. I nearly three years ago has given more than 30 bronchiectasis, bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis patients with a pneumococcal vaccine inoculation (23 Niumo law), these patients the chance of infection in the lungs decreased significantly, the quality of life greatly improved.
Pneumococcal vaccine is different from flu vaccine, do not have an annual injection. According to the study, a pneumococcal vaccine inoculation is valid for five years, security is not bad, relatively wide scope of application, including the elderly, children, the frail and sick people. The original patients with chronic respiratory diseases such as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary heart disease, bronchiectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic otitis media, sinusitis patients with the more necessary injection of pneumococcal vaccine. Usually relatively easy for bronchitis, pneumonia and the health of diabetic patients with pneumococcal vaccine injection of good health will be beneficial.
Clinical pneumonia
Clinical pneumonia
Pneumonia clinical manifestations vary, Chinese medicine can be divided into a "cough" and "lung carbuncle", "fever", "hemoptysis" and other areas.
Hot winds of common Fanfei, Tanreqing Yu Lung, Fei Yin deficiency, such as card type.
(1) of wind-Fanfei, Zheng Jian cough frequency show, Qicu hoarseness, sore throat swelling and pain, expectoration不爽, pasty color yellow sputum, cough, Han Chu, with body heat, thirst, evil wind, headache, Chu limbs, nose-yellow T,
Tongue coating thin yellow, floating a few veins or Fuhua. Zhiyi Shufeng heat, Xuanfei phlegm.
(2) Tanreqing Yu-lung, Zheng Jian rough cough atmosphere Houzhong sputum or promote sound, Tanduo thick yellow, 1,10不爽spit, or hot flavor, vomit blood phlegm, Xiongxiezhangman, cough, with pain, face Chek, body heat, thirst, Shezhi red, yellow greasy moss thin, slip a few veins. Zhiyi heat Huatan, Su lung asthma.
(3)-Fei Yin deficiency, Zheng Jian incidence falling into dry cough, shortness Kesheng, less Nien white sputum, blood or sputum, or gradually hoarse voice, dry mouth Yanzao, hot flashes or afternoon zygomatic red, hand-foot-heart Fever, night sweats, the onset slow, gradual weight loss, Shenpi, Shehong, less moss, pulse breakdown. Zhiyi Ziyin Runfei, cough phlegm.
Pneumonia clinical manifestations vary, Chinese medicine can be divided into a "cough" and "lung carbuncle", "fever", "hemoptysis" and other areas.
Hot winds of common Fanfei, Tanreqing Yu Lung, Fei Yin deficiency, such as card type.
(1) of wind-Fanfei, Zheng Jian cough frequency show, Qicu hoarseness, sore throat swelling and pain, expectoration不爽, pasty color yellow sputum, cough, Han Chu, with body heat, thirst, evil wind, headache, Chu limbs, nose-yellow T,
Tongue coating thin yellow, floating a few veins or Fuhua. Zhiyi Shufeng heat, Xuanfei phlegm.
(2) Tanreqing Yu-lung, Zheng Jian rough cough atmosphere Houzhong sputum or promote sound, Tanduo thick yellow, 1,10不爽spit, or hot flavor, vomit blood phlegm, Xiongxiezhangman, cough, with pain, face Chek, body heat, thirst, Shezhi red, yellow greasy moss thin, slip a few veins. Zhiyi heat Huatan, Su lung asthma.
(3)-Fei Yin deficiency, Zheng Jian incidence falling into dry cough, shortness Kesheng, less Nien white sputum, blood or sputum, or gradually hoarse voice, dry mouth Yanzao, hot flashes or afternoon zygomatic red, hand-foot-heart Fever, night sweats, the onset slow, gradual weight loss, Shenpi, Shehong, less moss, pulse breakdown. Zhiyi Ziyin Runfei, cough phlegm.
How to treat pneumonia patients
How to treat pneumonia patients
Pneumonia treatment should include:
⑴ anti-pathogen treatment, also known as the "disease", this is the most important, with special attention to the rational use of antibiotics is correct.
⑵ systemic therapy support include: adequate calories and nutrition, protein intake, the body of water to maintain electrolyte balance.
⑶ treatment of the disease and improve immunity: such as diabetes, cancer caused by obstructive pneumonia, should actively control the disease.
⑷ lead to pneumonia if the pathogen is the primary by circulating blood to the lungs caused by the invasion, and treatment should be timely elimination of the primary lesion.
⑸ complications such as pneumonia, such as shock, empyema, we should actively advance the treatment. ⑹ symptomatic treatment: rest, oxygen, Expectoration, cooling, etc..
Pneumonia treatment should include:
⑴ anti-pathogen treatment, also known as the "disease", this is the most important, with special attention to the rational use of antibiotics is correct.
⑵ systemic therapy support include: adequate calories and nutrition, protein intake, the body of water to maintain electrolyte balance.
⑶ treatment of the disease and improve immunity: such as diabetes, cancer caused by obstructive pneumonia, should actively control the disease.
⑷ lead to pneumonia if the pathogen is the primary by circulating blood to the lungs caused by the invasion, and treatment should be timely elimination of the primary lesion.
⑸ complications such as pneumonia, such as shock, empyema, we should actively advance the treatment. ⑹ symptomatic treatment: rest, oxygen, Expectoration, cooling, etc..
Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia symptoms and signs
Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia symptoms and signs
Onset of the disease more Jizhou, a high fever, chills, chest pain, sputum for Nongxing, volume, with a pink Blood-streaked phlegm or emulsion. Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia despite the swift, powerful, but some condition is not serious, individual course relatively slow, and sometimes chronic pneumonia or chronic lung abscess. Clinical symptoms and pneumococcal pneumonia symptoms similar.
Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia is characterized by repeated easily lead to shiver, tissue necrosis with lung abscess formation and cysts (mostly found in infants and young children); acute illness and there is obvious failure. Empyema more common. Staphylococcus aureus mainly exists in the open after the thorax Empyema of the chest wall or the use of post-traumatic thoracic drainage of blood in the empyema.
Onset of the disease more Jizhou, a high fever, chills, chest pain, sputum for Nongxing, volume, with a pink Blood-streaked phlegm or emulsion. Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia despite the swift, powerful, but some condition is not serious, individual course relatively slow, and sometimes chronic pneumonia or chronic lung abscess. Clinical symptoms and pneumococcal pneumonia symptoms similar.
Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia is characterized by repeated easily lead to shiver, tissue necrosis with lung abscess formation and cysts (mostly found in infants and young children); acute illness and there is obvious failure. Empyema more common. Staphylococcus aureus mainly exists in the open after the thorax Empyema of the chest wall or the use of post-traumatic thoracic drainage of blood in the empyema.
Pneumococcal pneumonia symptoms and signs
Pneumococcal pneumonia symptoms and signs
Pneumococcal pneumonia often before the upper respiratory tract infection. Usually short-term sudden chill start shivering continued to show that another disease. Shortly afterward, the general symptoms like fever, respiratory pain at the side (pleurisy), cough, breathing difficulties and cough Sputum. Pain for radioactive, when the next of the disease, suspected to be infected with intra-abdominal sepsis drug, such as pancreatitis. Temperature rose rapidly to 38 ~ 40.5 ℃; pulse is usually 100 to 140 times / points; breathing speed up to 20 ~ 45 / min. Other common symptoms are nausea, vomiting, muscle pain and discomfort Zhoushen. Cough with sputum may be the beginning, but gradually become normal with Nongxing, Blood-streaked phlegm or "rust" sputum. These features are That healthy people in pneumococcal pneumonia in a typical performance, in many cases, especially infants and elderly patients, the disease is more implicit attack.
Medical examination without a fixed positive signs, depending on disease characteristics and screening of patients and the stage set. Lobe may have changed or pleural effusion is the typical signs of the lungs. Bronchial pneumonia is a common performance-La moist.
Pneumococcal pneumonia often before the upper respiratory tract infection. Usually short-term sudden chill start shivering continued to show that another disease. Shortly afterward, the general symptoms like fever, respiratory pain at the side (pleurisy), cough, breathing difficulties and cough Sputum. Pain for radioactive, when the next of the disease, suspected to be infected with intra-abdominal sepsis drug, such as pancreatitis. Temperature rose rapidly to 38 ~ 40.5 ℃; pulse is usually 100 to 140 times / points; breathing speed up to 20 ~ 45 / min. Other common symptoms are nausea, vomiting, muscle pain and discomfort Zhoushen. Cough with sputum may be the beginning, but gradually become normal with Nongxing, Blood-streaked phlegm or "rust" sputum. These features are That healthy people in pneumococcal pneumonia in a typical performance, in many cases, especially infants and elderly patients, the disease is more implicit attack.
Medical examination without a fixed positive signs, depending on disease characteristics and screening of patients and the stage set. Lobe may have changed or pleural effusion is the typical signs of the lungs. Bronchial pneumonia is a common performance-La moist.
Legionella pneumonia symptoms and signs
Legionella pneumonia symptoms and signs
The incubation period is generally two to 10 days. Precursor of the majority of patients, similar to influenza, Zhoushen discomfort, fever, headache and muscle-ache. Patients to cough, without sputum, mucus samples for subsequent sputum. Characteristic performance as high fever, Sometimes with relative ease veins, diarrhea are more common. Consciousness can change a mental disorder, lethargy, delirium or rare.
Chest X-ray examination early in the disease that unilateral patchy spots of the lung or pulmonary infiltration of leaves. With the progress of disease, many patients in bilateral disease, pleural effusion more common. Occasionally, a small number of patients and multiple lung abscess Round of the dense shadow, indicated that a septic emboli. Consciousness has changed the cerebrospinal fluid of normal checks, diarrhea without the patient's blood and stool in the WBC. Most of the patients have more moderate WBC, white blood cell count to around 10000 ~ 15000 / μ l. Other common laboratory findings for hyponatremia, blood phosphate is too small and abnormal liver function tests. Occasional patient examination hematuria, sometimes with impaired renal function.
The incubation period is generally two to 10 days. Precursor of the majority of patients, similar to influenza, Zhoushen discomfort, fever, headache and muscle-ache. Patients to cough, without sputum, mucus samples for subsequent sputum. Characteristic performance as high fever, Sometimes with relative ease veins, diarrhea are more common. Consciousness can change a mental disorder, lethargy, delirium or rare.
Chest X-ray examination early in the disease that unilateral patchy spots of the lung or pulmonary infiltration of leaves. With the progress of disease, many patients in bilateral disease, pleural effusion more common. Occasionally, a small number of patients and multiple lung abscess Round of the dense shadow, indicated that a septic emboli. Consciousness has changed the cerebrospinal fluid of normal checks, diarrhea without the patient's blood and stool in the WBC. Most of the patients have more moderate WBC, white blood cell count to around 10000 ~ 15000 / μ l. Other common laboratory findings for hyponatremia, blood phosphate is too small and abnormal liver function tests. Occasional patient examination hematuria, sometimes with impaired renal function.
Mycoplasma pneumonia symptoms and signs
Mycoplasma pneumonia symptoms and signs
Initially, symptoms similar to influenza, Zhoushen discomfort, sore throat and cough. With the progress of the disease, symptoms increase, there can be paroxysmal cough, cough and mucus samples from time to time or Blood-streaked phlegm or mucus Nongxing the sputum. Typical pneumonia Streptococcus pneumonia different, the slow development of this disease. Acute symptoms generally continued to 1 to 2 weeks, then gradually resumed, but many patients may have lasted for several weeks of fatigue and systemic symptoms. Symptoms of the disease generally less serious and usually can be self-healing. But a small number of patients with serious pneumonia, sometimes adult respiratory distress syndrome (see section 67). Pulmonary complications, common, including hemolytic anemia, thromboembolic complications, arthritis or multiple nervous system syndrome, such as Meningitis, transverse myelitis, or peripheral neuropathy, such as cerebellar ataxia.
No important medical discovery, and the patient's chief complaint and X-ray does not change the consistent 10% to 20% of patients to Ban Qiuzhen, this is an important clue. A small number of patients erythema multiforme or Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Initially, symptoms similar to influenza, Zhoushen discomfort, sore throat and cough. With the progress of the disease, symptoms increase, there can be paroxysmal cough, cough and mucus samples from time to time or Blood-streaked phlegm or mucus Nongxing the sputum. Typical pneumonia Streptococcus pneumonia different, the slow development of this disease. Acute symptoms generally continued to 1 to 2 weeks, then gradually resumed, but many patients may have lasted for several weeks of fatigue and systemic symptoms. Symptoms of the disease generally less serious and usually can be self-healing. But a small number of patients with serious pneumonia, sometimes adult respiratory distress syndrome (see section 67). Pulmonary complications, common, including hemolytic anemia, thromboembolic complications, arthritis or multiple nervous system syndrome, such as Meningitis, transverse myelitis, or peripheral neuropathy, such as cerebellar ataxia.
No important medical discovery, and the patient's chief complaint and X-ray does not change the consistent 10% to 20% of patients to Ban Qiuzhen, this is an important clue. A small number of patients erythema multiforme or Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
What are the symptoms of pneumonia in general
What are the symptoms of pneumonia in general
The main symptoms of pneumonia is a cough, sputum, fever, chest pain, the performance of these symptoms of the big differences in strength, as the widespread use of antibiotics, many of the clinical performance of pneumonia has been very typical, more多见the symptoms are fever, old age Or can be totally debilitating fever. Lobar Pneumonia bacteria, common in the health of all people, a sudden onset high fever and shivering, if not treated can develop into a sustained high fever and a severe cough and sputum, or sputum for the rust red color, often have chest pain. Severe pneumonia and high fever does not necessarily have significantly increased leukocyte. By Pseudomonas (such as: PEA) and pneumonia caused by Klebsiella, although the dangerous condition, but often only moderate fever, WBC and even increased impact of severe pneumonia and respiratory area in circulatory failure, May appear cyanotic, looking pale, such as limbs Humidicool performance.
The main symptoms of pneumonia is a cough, sputum, fever, chest pain, the performance of these symptoms of the big differences in strength, as the widespread use of antibiotics, many of the clinical performance of pneumonia has been very typical, more多见the symptoms are fever, old age Or can be totally debilitating fever. Lobar Pneumonia bacteria, common in the health of all people, a sudden onset high fever and shivering, if not treated can develop into a sustained high fever and a severe cough and sputum, or sputum for the rust red color, often have chest pain. Severe pneumonia and high fever does not necessarily have significantly increased leukocyte. By Pseudomonas (such as: PEA) and pneumonia caused by Klebsiella, although the dangerous condition, but often only moderate fever, WBC and even increased impact of severe pneumonia and respiratory area in circulatory failure, May appear cyanotic, looking pale, such as limbs Humidicool performance.
How diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia?
How diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia
Legionella bacteria have identified four diagnostic tests: culture, exudation of direct fluorescent antibody staining, using indirect fluorescent antibody serum for examination and analysis of urine antigen. Jieju four specific, but not particularly sensitive.
Pathogens from the sputum, tracheal suction, material, or bronchial aspiration of brushing, lung biopsy, pleural liquid or found in the blood. Legionella bacteria are not normal flora, the diagnostic value of a positive culture, but confirmed that the use of other technologies Case, sputum culture positive rate of only 30% to 70%. Cultivate and direct immune staining require high technology. Urine antigen analysis is relatively easy to do gymnastics and the start of treatment in a longer period of time may have found positive, but This method can only detect the serotype 1 of Legionella pneumophila (accounting for 70 percent of all cases). Titer can prove that increased four times (at least ≥ 1:128), serological diagnosis can be made. A rehabilitation period of serum Can display titer ≥ 1:256, coupled with the corresponding clinical symptoms can be effectively supported the diagnosis. When the need to make treatment decisions, a diagnosis of the titer increased general does not appear, and the incidence is usually three to six weeks after the It appears.
Legionella bacteria have identified four diagnostic tests: culture, exudation of direct fluorescent antibody staining, using indirect fluorescent antibody serum for examination and analysis of urine antigen. Jieju four specific, but not particularly sensitive.
Pathogens from the sputum, tracheal suction, material, or bronchial aspiration of brushing, lung biopsy, pleural liquid or found in the blood. Legionella bacteria are not normal flora, the diagnostic value of a positive culture, but confirmed that the use of other technologies Case, sputum culture positive rate of only 30% to 70%. Cultivate and direct immune staining require high technology. Urine antigen analysis is relatively easy to do gymnastics and the start of treatment in a longer period of time may have found positive, but This method can only detect the serotype 1 of Legionella pneumophila (accounting for 70 percent of all cases). Titer can prove that increased four times (at least ≥ 1:128), serological diagnosis can be made. A rehabilitation period of serum Can display titer ≥ 1:256, coupled with the corresponding clinical symptoms can be effectively supported the diagnosis. When the need to make treatment decisions, a diagnosis of the titer increased general does not appear, and the incidence is usually three to six weeks after the It appears.
Viral pneumonia and efficacy of drug treatment
Viral pneumonia and efficacy of drug treatment
Drug Treatment
To have the herpes simplex, herpes zoster or chickenpox infection of the lungs, advocate general with acyclovir, adult 5 ~ 10 mg / kg, every eight hours one, or children's body surface area of 250 mg/m2, every eight hours, 1 . In the organ transplant recipients, cytomegalovirus pneumonia available ganciclovir 5 mg / kg intravenous injection, twice daily, and the use of immunoglobulin (IVIG or cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin). This The treatment of AIDS patients had no significant effect (influenza prevention and treatment of influenza in section 162 of the discussion).
Some patients, particularly influenza patients, such as the merger of bacterial infection required antibiotic treatment. Pathogens is the main common pneumococcal and Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Haemophilus influenzae, β-A hemolytic streptococcus and Neisseria meningitidis Cocci. Pathogenic microorganisms, patients of different age and complications, the prognosis also are very different. Pathogens may be based on the treatment.
Evaluation
1. Cure: symptoms and signs disappear, X-ray showed lung shadow completely absorbed. 2. Improved: symptoms and signs disappeared, the lungs absorb part of the shadow. 3.未愈: symptoms, signs or no significant changes in deterioration of lung disease does not absorb or deterioration.
Drug Treatment
To have the herpes simplex, herpes zoster or chickenpox infection of the lungs, advocate general with acyclovir, adult 5 ~ 10 mg / kg, every eight hours one, or children's body surface area of 250 mg/m2, every eight hours, 1 . In the organ transplant recipients, cytomegalovirus pneumonia available ganciclovir 5 mg / kg intravenous injection, twice daily, and the use of immunoglobulin (IVIG or cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin). This The treatment of AIDS patients had no significant effect (influenza prevention and treatment of influenza in section 162 of the discussion).
Some patients, particularly influenza patients, such as the merger of bacterial infection required antibiotic treatment. Pathogens is the main common pneumococcal and Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Haemophilus influenzae, β-A hemolytic streptococcus and Neisseria meningitidis Cocci. Pathogenic microorganisms, patients of different age and complications, the prognosis also are very different. Pathogens may be based on the treatment.
Evaluation
1. Cure: symptoms and signs disappear, X-ray showed lung shadow completely absorbed. 2. Improved: symptoms and signs disappeared, the lungs absorb part of the shadow. 3.未愈: symptoms, signs or no significant changes in deterioration of lung disease does not absorb or deterioration.
Chlamydia pneumonia diagnosis
Chlamydia pneumonia diagnosis
1. Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in 1975 was the beginning of neonatal chlamydia pneumonia, secondary to his card after Nongxing inclusion. The disease infected more from the mother of eye infection can be transmitted through nasal duct into respiratory tract. Symptoms after birth more than 2 to 12 weeks there, the slow onset, first performance of the upper respiratory tract infection, fever or no more than occasional low heat, and then a cough and shortness of breath, often a small suction-or wet La twist pronunciation, rare Breath and wheezing. Chest film shows extensive bilateral and interstitial pulmonary infiltration, over-inflated levy more common, it is occasionally the leaves change. Peripheral blood white blood cell count normal, eosinophilia. Throat swab from the nose must Guaqu to epithelial cells. Also available direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA), enzyme immunoassay test (EIA) detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen nasopharyngeal specimens. Serological examination of specific antibody diagnostic criteria for the double-serum antibody titers more than four times higher, or IgM> 1:32, IgG> 1:512. PCR technique can also be applied directly detect chlamydia DNA.
2. Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia or from contact with infected poultry in bird droppings, poultry raising, slaughter and sale of the occupational disease. The rare human infection. Pathogens from the secretions and excreta, the carrier can be a long time. Chlamydia psittaci enter the body through the respiratory tract, in single cells within the breeding and release toxins, disseminated by the blood flow to the lungs and body tissue, blood vessels and cause lung sound around the cell infiltration, hilar lymph nodes. The incubation period 6 ~ 14 d, the incidence was a cold-like symptoms, often 38 ~ 40.5 ℃ of fever, cough early for dry cough, after a sputum, difficulty breathing or light or heavy. The relative ease with veins, muscle-ache, chest pain, loss of appetite, occasional nausea and vomiting. Such as systemic infection, a central nervous system symptoms of infection or myocarditis performance, occasionally jaundice. Many liver, splenomegaly, and the need to typhoid fever, sepsis identification. Chest X-ray examination, from the periphery to the hilar, especially lung field down that middle ground glass-like shadow of a shadow-like. Peripheral blood WBC normal, ESR increase in the prevalence of early slightly faster. Pulmonary effusion swallowed up by the cells to be investigated see inclusion of chlamydia. Children with mild fever 3 ~ 7 d gradually retreat. In of 8 ~ ~ 14 d, severe 20 ~ 25d cooling. After the weakened immune disease, relapse, it is reported relapse rate of 21 percent, then the infection rate of around 10 percent.
3. Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia clinical manifestations of this non-specific, and mycoplasma pneumonia楥similar. Onset ease, long course, the general symptoms of light, accompanied pharynx, laryngitis, and sinusitis characterized. Upper respiratory tract infection symptoms dissipated after a wet and dry La-such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Sustainable cough symptoms more than three weeks. Normal white blood cell count, chest film non-specific, multi-leaf for the unilateral invasion, expressed as segmental pneumonia, severe bilateral pneumonia was extensive. Chlamydia trachomatis pathogen inspection and pneumonia, from the lessons of nasopharyngeal airway or so cell culture, chlamydia pneumoniae positive. Or fluorescent light of Chlamydia pneumoniae specific monoclonal antibodies in the cell culture to identify the Chlamydia pneumoniae. Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA PCR test is more sensitive than culture, but with throat swab samples testing might not ideal, as serological testing Chlamydia pneumoniae specific antibody. Trace immunofluorescence (MIF) test for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae is the most sensitive. IgM in ≥ 1:16 or IgM antibody titers ≥ 1:512 or more than four times higher, diagnostic value.
1. Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in 1975 was the beginning of neonatal chlamydia pneumonia, secondary to his card after Nongxing inclusion. The disease infected more from the mother of eye infection can be transmitted through nasal duct into respiratory tract. Symptoms after birth more than 2 to 12 weeks there, the slow onset, first performance of the upper respiratory tract infection, fever or no more than occasional low heat, and then a cough and shortness of breath, often a small suction-or wet La twist pronunciation, rare Breath and wheezing. Chest film shows extensive bilateral and interstitial pulmonary infiltration, over-inflated levy more common, it is occasionally the leaves change. Peripheral blood white blood cell count normal, eosinophilia. Throat swab from the nose must Guaqu to epithelial cells. Also available direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA), enzyme immunoassay test (EIA) detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen nasopharyngeal specimens. Serological examination of specific antibody diagnostic criteria for the double-serum antibody titers more than four times higher, or IgM> 1:32, IgG> 1:512. PCR technique can also be applied directly detect chlamydia DNA.
2. Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia or from contact with infected poultry in bird droppings, poultry raising, slaughter and sale of the occupational disease. The rare human infection. Pathogens from the secretions and excreta, the carrier can be a long time. Chlamydia psittaci enter the body through the respiratory tract, in single cells within the breeding and release toxins, disseminated by the blood flow to the lungs and body tissue, blood vessels and cause lung sound around the cell infiltration, hilar lymph nodes. The incubation period 6 ~ 14 d, the incidence was a cold-like symptoms, often 38 ~ 40.5 ℃ of fever, cough early for dry cough, after a sputum, difficulty breathing or light or heavy. The relative ease with veins, muscle-ache, chest pain, loss of appetite, occasional nausea and vomiting. Such as systemic infection, a central nervous system symptoms of infection or myocarditis performance, occasionally jaundice. Many liver, splenomegaly, and the need to typhoid fever, sepsis identification. Chest X-ray examination, from the periphery to the hilar, especially lung field down that middle ground glass-like shadow of a shadow-like. Peripheral blood WBC normal, ESR increase in the prevalence of early slightly faster. Pulmonary effusion swallowed up by the cells to be investigated see inclusion of chlamydia. Children with mild fever 3 ~ 7 d gradually retreat. In of 8 ~ ~ 14 d, severe 20 ~ 25d cooling. After the weakened immune disease, relapse, it is reported relapse rate of 21 percent, then the infection rate of around 10 percent.
3. Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia clinical manifestations of this non-specific, and mycoplasma pneumonia楥similar. Onset ease, long course, the general symptoms of light, accompanied pharynx, laryngitis, and sinusitis characterized. Upper respiratory tract infection symptoms dissipated after a wet and dry La-such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Sustainable cough symptoms more than three weeks. Normal white blood cell count, chest film non-specific, multi-leaf for the unilateral invasion, expressed as segmental pneumonia, severe bilateral pneumonia was extensive. Chlamydia trachomatis pathogen inspection and pneumonia, from the lessons of nasopharyngeal airway or so cell culture, chlamydia pneumoniae positive. Or fluorescent light of Chlamydia pneumoniae specific monoclonal antibodies in the cell culture to identify the Chlamydia pneumoniae. Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA PCR test is more sensitive than culture, but with throat swab samples testing might not ideal, as serological testing Chlamydia pneumoniae specific antibody. Trace immunofluorescence (MIF) test for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae is the most sensitive. IgM in ≥ 1:16 or IgM antibody titers ≥ 1:512 or more than four times higher, diagnostic value.
The clinical manifestations radioactive pneumonia
The clinical manifestations radioactive pneumonia
1. Light are asymptomatic, the majority of the radiation therapy developed symptoms after the February-March. Individual in the cessation of radiation therapy after six months before symptoms appear. Common symptoms: irritability dry cough, shortness of breath, post-aggravated chest pain, with or without fever, more to low heat; caused radioactive esophagitis they have swallowing difficulties can be severe serious difficulty in breathing, cyanosis .
2. Chest radiation partial shrinkage that hardens the skin.
3. Check most of the lungs without positive signs. When there is extensive pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary respiratory Music generally weakened, can be heard and twist pronunciation (Velcro-LAW). If secondary bacterial infection, can be heard and dry, moist-Music. Occasionally pleural friction sound. Associated with pulmonary heart disease, may have signs of right heart failure.
1. Light are asymptomatic, the majority of the radiation therapy developed symptoms after the February-March. Individual in the cessation of radiation therapy after six months before symptoms appear. Common symptoms: irritability dry cough, shortness of breath, post-aggravated chest pain, with or without fever, more to low heat; caused radioactive esophagitis they have swallowing difficulties can be severe serious difficulty in breathing, cyanosis .
2. Chest radiation partial shrinkage that hardens the skin.
3. Check most of the lungs without positive signs. When there is extensive pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary respiratory Music generally weakened, can be heard and twist pronunciation (Velcro-LAW). If secondary bacterial infection, can be heard and dry, moist-Music. Occasionally pleural friction sound. Associated with pulmonary heart disease, may have signs of right heart failure.
Supplementary examination of radioactive pneumonia
Supplementary examination of radioactive pneumonia
Lung function
Radioactive pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis are caused restrictive ventilation dysfunction, reduced lung compliance, with ventilation / blood flow and reduce the proportion of diffusing capacity reduced, leading to hypoxia. Sometimes chest film has not been unusual, and pulmonary function tests have shown changes.
X-ray
Most of the cessation of radiotherapy in January, a shadow of the lungs. Acute exposure in the lung field on a sheet of Mi-fuzzy shadow, which vaguely visible mesh shadow, like bronchial pneumonia or pulmonary edema. The scope and thoracic diseases surface radiation field line. A chronic pulmonary fibrosis, a corporation or of the cable-like massive shrinkage or limitations of atelectasis. Mediastinal pleura and a large number of pericardial adhesions, mediastinal shift to the side, the ipsilateral diaphragmatic rise and thorax collapse.
Lung function
Radioactive pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis are caused restrictive ventilation dysfunction, reduced lung compliance, with ventilation / blood flow and reduce the proportion of diffusing capacity reduced, leading to hypoxia. Sometimes chest film has not been unusual, and pulmonary function tests have shown changes.
X-ray
Most of the cessation of radiotherapy in January, a shadow of the lungs. Acute exposure in the lung field on a sheet of Mi-fuzzy shadow, which vaguely visible mesh shadow, like bronchial pneumonia or pulmonary edema. The scope and thoracic diseases surface radiation field line. A chronic pulmonary fibrosis, a corporation or of the cable-like massive shrinkage or limitations of atelectasis. Mediastinal pleura and a large number of pericardial adhesions, mediastinal shift to the side, the ipsilateral diaphragmatic rise and thorax collapse.
Chlamydia pneumonia treatment
Chlamydia pneumonia treatment
Chlamydia pneumonia treatment with the general principles of the treatment of pneumonia roughly the same.
1. Pay attention to strengthening the general care and treatment of rest, keep indoor air fresh and maintain an appropriate temperature and humidity. Maintain respiratory unobstructed and often turned the replacement position. Irritability can increase the lack of oxygen, it can be addressed to the appropriate amount of sedative drugs. Abundant supply of calories and rich in vitamins, easy to digest and absorb adequate food and water.
2. Antibiotic treatment
(1) the ball in the esters of antibiotics
① erythromycin: Chlamydia pneumonia should be the preferred antibiotic erythromycin, the amount of 50 mg / (kg d), three to four times oral连用two weeks. Severe oral or not, can be intravenous. Tears up in the concentration of erythromycin, can also remove the nasopharynx Chlamydia trachomatis, can prevent the occurrence of pneumonia chlamydia trachomatis.
② roxithromycin or force in Romania: the amount of 5 ~ 8 mg / (kg d), at 2 behind fasting taken sooner or later, the linked two weeks. If in the course of treatment after a still coughing and fatigue can be No. 2 course.
③ azithromycin (sumamed): Nitrogen is a ring of lipid antibiotics, and the structure of the ring within the lipid similar antibiotics. Good oral absorption, the maximum serum concentration of 0.4 mg / L. Can be quickly distributed in various tissues and organs. Chlamydia-on role. After treatment, drug treatment can be maintained at the level of 5 ~ 7 d. t1 / 2 to 12 ~ 14 h, the daily oral one, a short course of treatment. The prototype drug to discharge bile. Antacids and drug delivery time interval of at least 2 h. Has not been found and theophylline class, oral anti-clotting drug, carbamazepine, phenytoin, digoxin, which are interactions. Children (weight 10 kg and above) the first day of every 10 mg / kg, a day after 4 d per 5 mg / kg, 1 of the Dayton service, its antibacterial activity at least 10 days. ④ A erythromycin (clarithromycin): Chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro treatment with lipid drug erythromycin Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and equally effective.
(2) sulfa isoxazole (SIZ) the amount of 50 ~ 70 mg / (kg d), at two to four times orally, can be used for treatment of pneumonia chlamydia trachomatis.
3. To support the treatment of serious illness, the longer course, the infirm or malnutrition should lose their blood or plasma, or application of gamma globulin treatment, to enhance the body resistance.
Chlamydia pneumonia treatment with the general principles of the treatment of pneumonia roughly the same.
1. Pay attention to strengthening the general care and treatment of rest, keep indoor air fresh and maintain an appropriate temperature and humidity. Maintain respiratory unobstructed and often turned the replacement position. Irritability can increase the lack of oxygen, it can be addressed to the appropriate amount of sedative drugs. Abundant supply of calories and rich in vitamins, easy to digest and absorb adequate food and water.
2. Antibiotic treatment
(1) the ball in the esters of antibiotics
① erythromycin: Chlamydia pneumonia should be the preferred antibiotic erythromycin, the amount of 50 mg / (kg d), three to four times oral连用two weeks. Severe oral or not, can be intravenous. Tears up in the concentration of erythromycin, can also remove the nasopharynx Chlamydia trachomatis, can prevent the occurrence of pneumonia chlamydia trachomatis.
② roxithromycin or force in Romania: the amount of 5 ~ 8 mg / (kg d), at 2 behind fasting taken sooner or later, the linked two weeks. If in the course of treatment after a still coughing and fatigue can be No. 2 course.
③ azithromycin (sumamed): Nitrogen is a ring of lipid antibiotics, and the structure of the ring within the lipid similar antibiotics. Good oral absorption, the maximum serum concentration of 0.4 mg / L. Can be quickly distributed in various tissues and organs. Chlamydia-on role. After treatment, drug treatment can be maintained at the level of 5 ~ 7 d. t1 / 2 to 12 ~ 14 h, the daily oral one, a short course of treatment. The prototype drug to discharge bile. Antacids and drug delivery time interval of at least 2 h. Has not been found and theophylline class, oral anti-clotting drug, carbamazepine, phenytoin, digoxin, which are interactions. Children (weight 10 kg and above) the first day of every 10 mg / kg, a day after 4 d per 5 mg / kg, 1 of the Dayton service, its antibacterial activity at least 10 days. ④ A erythromycin (clarithromycin): Chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro treatment with lipid drug erythromycin Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and equally effective.
(2) sulfa isoxazole (SIZ) the amount of 50 ~ 70 mg / (kg d), at two to four times orally, can be used for treatment of pneumonia chlamydia trachomatis.
3. To support the treatment of serious illness, the longer course, the infirm or malnutrition should lose their blood or plasma, or application of gamma globulin treatment, to enhance the body resistance.
Staphylococcus prognosis and treatment of pneumonia
Staphylococcus prognosis and treatment of pneumoniaGeneral mortality rate of 30% to 40% resulting in death in part because the majority of patients with serious complications. However, some adults have been very healthy, but this had pneumonia after the flu, the illness rapid development, finally leading to death. Efficacy of antibiotics slow, long recovery period.
Most of Staphylococcus aureus produce penicillin-and methicillin-resistant to the drug resistance is increasing. Advocated in a general resistance to penicillin of the penicillin (such as oxacillin or nafcillin 2 g, intravenous injection, every four to six hours 1. Is another major drug cephalosporin: commonly used for cefalotin or cephalosporins Bangladesh more than 2 g, intravenous injection, every four to six hours a time, cefazolin 0.5 ~ 1.0 g, intravenous injection, Every eight hours one, or cefuroxime 750 mg, intravenous injection, every six to eight hours a meeting. Third-generation cephalosporins as the effect of the first generation or second-generation agents. Lin lincomycin 600 mg intravenous injection, every 6 to 8 hours 1 90% to 95% effective strain.
Generally believed that the methicillin-resistant strains resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics are resistant in many hospitals, such strains of hospital-acquired staph 30% to 40%, and the only communities Infections of 5%. If the suspected or in vitro sensitivity test proved resistant to methicillin-resistant, the general use of vancomycin. Commonly used dose of 1 g intravenous injection, every 12 hours, 1; renal failure at the appropriate dosage adjustments.
Most of Staphylococcus aureus produce penicillin-and methicillin-resistant to the drug resistance is increasing. Advocated in a general resistance to penicillin of the penicillin (such as oxacillin or nafcillin 2 g, intravenous injection, every four to six hours 1. Is another major drug cephalosporin: commonly used for cefalotin or cephalosporins Bangladesh more than 2 g, intravenous injection, every four to six hours a time, cefazolin 0.5 ~ 1.0 g, intravenous injection, Every eight hours one, or cefuroxime 750 mg, intravenous injection, every six to eight hours a meeting. Third-generation cephalosporins as the effect of the first generation or second-generation agents. Lin lincomycin 600 mg intravenous injection, every 6 to 8 hours 1 90% to 95% effective strain.
Generally believed that the methicillin-resistant strains resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics are resistant in many hospitals, such strains of hospital-acquired staph 30% to 40%, and the only communities Infections of 5%. If the suspected or in vitro sensitivity test proved resistant to methicillin-resistant, the general use of vancomycin. Commonly used dose of 1 g intravenous injection, every 12 hours, 1; renal failure at the appropriate dosage adjustments.
Viral pneumonia clinical performance
Viral pneumonia clinical performance
Most of the patients have headaches, fever, muscle-ache with mucus and sputum Nongxing cough.
1. Slow onset, headache, fatigue, fever, cough, dry cough or a small present phlegm, symptoms generally less serious.
2. Immunodeficiency patients, a serious illness, the continued high fever, palpitation, short breath, cyanosis, extreme failure, with shock, heart failure and azotemia.
3. Chest signs less, there are limitations can breathe a small amount of wet-weakened and Luo Yin.
Most of the patients have headaches, fever, muscle-ache with mucus and sputum Nongxing cough.
1. Slow onset, headache, fatigue, fever, cough, dry cough or a small present phlegm, symptoms generally less serious.
2. Immunodeficiency patients, a serious illness, the continued high fever, palpitation, short breath, cyanosis, extreme failure, with shock, heart failure and azotemia.
3. Chest signs less, there are limitations can breathe a small amount of wet-weakened and Luo Yin.
Pneumococcal pneumonia in the pathology and pathogenesis
Pneumococcal pneumonia in the pathology and pathogenesis
Pneumococcal general through inhalation, the upper respiratory tract reach the lungs. Bronchiole their stay in the proliferation and cause inflammation process, begun in the alveolar cavity of a large amount of protein liquid, liquid growth media to play the role of bacteria, germs and help Adjacent to the alveolar proliferation, the typical result is led Lobar Pneumonia.
Lobar Pneumonia is the initial stage of congestion, is characterized by a large number of serous leakage, vascular expansion and the rapid proliferation of bacteria. The next stage called "red liver-like", namely, consolidation of a liver-like appearance of the lungs: a gas chamber Polymorphonuclear cells, red blood cells and blood vessels congestive extravasation, the naked eye examination Chengdan red. Followed by "Grey liver-change" period, the period of fiber and protein aggregation at different stages of decomposition of the WBC and red blood cells, alveolar space filled with inflammatory Exudation of. Oozed from the final phase of absorption is characterized by dispersed phase.
Pneumococcal general through inhalation, the upper respiratory tract reach the lungs. Bronchiole their stay in the proliferation and cause inflammation process, begun in the alveolar cavity of a large amount of protein liquid, liquid growth media to play the role of bacteria, germs and help Adjacent to the alveolar proliferation, the typical result is led Lobar Pneumonia.
Lobar Pneumonia is the initial stage of congestion, is characterized by a large number of serous leakage, vascular expansion and the rapid proliferation of bacteria. The next stage called "red liver-like", namely, consolidation of a liver-like appearance of the lungs: a gas chamber Polymorphonuclear cells, red blood cells and blood vessels congestive extravasation, the naked eye examination Chengdan red. Followed by "Grey liver-change" period, the period of fiber and protein aggregation at different stages of decomposition of the WBC and red blood cells, alveolar space filled with inflammatory Exudation of. Oozed from the final phase of absorption is characterized by dispersed phase.
Pneumococcal pneumonia complications
Pneumococcal pneumonia complications
Serious and potentially fatal complications for the progress of pneumonia, sometimes with adult respiratory distress syndrome and / or septic shock. Chest X-ray examination can be found that about 25 percent of the patients had pleural effusion, and only about 1% of the Patients with empyema. Some patients have lesions adjacent site of infection (such as empyema, or purulent pericarditis). Bacteremia can cause lung infection outside the lesion, including septic arthritis, and endocarditis, meningitis and peritonitis (Ascites patients). Duplication of some patients to lung infections, performance in the course of treatment, temporary improvement occurred after the fever and lung infiltration result of the new condition deteriorated.
Serious and potentially fatal complications for the progress of pneumonia, sometimes with adult respiratory distress syndrome and / or septic shock. Chest X-ray examination can be found that about 25 percent of the patients had pleural effusion, and only about 1% of the Patients with empyema. Some patients have lesions adjacent site of infection (such as empyema, or purulent pericarditis). Bacteremia can cause lung infection outside the lesion, including septic arthritis, and endocarditis, meningitis and peritonitis (Ascites patients). Duplication of some patients to lung infections, performance in the course of treatment, temporary improvement occurred after the fever and lung infiltration result of the new condition deteriorated.
The treatment of viral pneumonia treatment principle
The treatment of viral pneumonia treatment principle
Treatment principle
1. Symptomatic treatment mainly to combat secondary bacterial infection. 2. Antiviral treatment. 3. Strengthen support therapy. 4. The treatment of complications.
Treatment principle
1. The general treatment of patients with symptomatic mainly cough expectorant and added all kinds of vitamins and other complementary medicine. Ling virus can be oral or ribavirin. 2. Severe cases mainly to intravenous drug, therapy and prevention of support for the attention of complications. Treatment under the condition extended accordingly. 3. Merger cases of bacterial infection, according to clinical and sensitivity test choose effective antibiotics.
Treatment principle
1. Symptomatic treatment mainly to combat secondary bacterial infection. 2. Antiviral treatment. 3. Strengthen support therapy. 4. The treatment of complications.
Treatment principle
1. The general treatment of patients with symptomatic mainly cough expectorant and added all kinds of vitamins and other complementary medicine. Ling virus can be oral or ribavirin. 2. Severe cases mainly to intravenous drug, therapy and prevention of support for the attention of complications. Treatment under the condition extended accordingly. 3. Merger cases of bacterial infection, according to clinical and sensitivity test choose effective antibiotics.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess
Lung abscess (lung abscess) is due to a variety of pathogens from the lungs purulent infection, for early lung infection and inflammation, then necrosis, liquefaction, a week, surrounded by a granulation tissue abscess. Characterized by high fever, coughing, bronchial abscess after Kechu Pokui into the septic smell a lot of sputum. X-ray showed that with the gas-liquid-cavity. Many occurred in their prime, men more than women. Since the wider use of antibiotics, the incidence rate has decreased significantly.
Acute bacterial infection of lung abscess in general and oral, upper respiratory tract of the bacteria often in line, including aerobic, anaerobic and sexual and anaerobic bacteria. The past 10 years, due to anaerobic training and technological progress, aspiration pneumonia and acute lung abscess of anaerobic bacteria infection of 85% -94%. Anaerobic bacteria infection was reported in 58 per cent of lung abscess; aerobic and anaerobic bacteria infection 42 per cent. The more important anaerobic bacteria Streptococcus suis have peptone, peptone cocci, nuclear tablets spindle bacteria, producing melanin bacteria, Bacillus stomatitis and Weirong MI; common of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and for pneumococcal, golden yellow Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus, Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, and so on.
According to infection channels can be divided into the following types of lung abscess.
1. Inhalation lung abscess
Pathogens by mouth, nasopharyngeal aspiration for lung abscess cavity incidence of the main reasons. Under normal circumstances, have sensitive respiratory cough reflex, to prevent aspiration. However, there are tonsillitis, sinusitis, the cutting of septic tank overflow or Nongxing secretions such as dental caries; mouth, nose and throat surgery after the clot, or vomit tooth scale, in a coma consciousness, anesthesia and other circumstances, or As Shouhan, extreme fatigue, and other incentives for the effects of systemic immune function and lower respiratory tract defense, in deep sleep when various pollutants can be inhaled through the lungs trachea, bronchial obstruction caused by small, breeding and disease pathogens. Inhalation lung abscess often single, and its incidence and anatomical structure and location of the site. The right of the bronchial more steep and coarse diameter, easy to inhalation of respirable right lung. In the supine position, well after the last of the paragraph or under Yebei; seat at the aspiration, occurred in the basement of the following paragraph; right place, then good on the upper right of the preceding paragraph after paragraph, or the formation of axillary Sub-paragraph.
Second, secondary pulmonary abscess
In some bacterial pneumonia, bronchiectasis, bronchial cyst, bronchial lung cancer, tuberculosis, and other empty secondary infection caused by the secondary pulmonary abscess; adjacent organs suppurative lung disease, such as subphrenic abscess, kidney abscess around, spinal abscess , Or esophageal perforation of the lung perforation to the formation of lung abscess; should note that amoebic liver abscess in the right suprahepatic good at the top, easy to perforation of the right lung and diaphragm, a lung abscess amoeba.
Third, blood-borne lung abscess
Skin infections due to injury, carbuncle Boils, the bone marrow caused by sepsis, septic germ bolt spread to the lung blood lines, caused small blood clots, inflammation, necrosis and a lung abscess. Zhou Liang Fei, often for the Ministry of multiple lesions. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria to the common.
[Pathology]
Fine obstruction of bronchial infection, inflammation of small blood vessels embolization, suppurative lung inflammation, necrosis, a lung abscess, and then necrotic tissue liquefied Pokui to bronchial, Nongye from some form of a liquid-Vomica, hollow wall surface Common residues necrotic tissue. Examination showed a large number of acute pulmonary abscess neutrophil infiltration, with the largest amount ranging from mononucleosis, has a tendency to expand around, or even exceeded between fissure leaves, and adjacent to the extension of the lung. If the abscess near the pleura, a limitation of fibrin pleurisy, a pleural adhesions; tension such as abscesses, Pokui to the pleural cavity, can form pus pneumothorax. The positive acute lung abscess antibiotic treatment, if the airway open, Nongye from the airway, and Vomica gradually disappear.
Chronic lung abscess due to the acute phase is not complete treatment, bronchial or poor drainage, in patients with acute lung abscess, 70% -90% of cases of acute onset, and most have teeth, the Gan Ranzao oropharynx, or surgery , Tiredness, Shouliang, such as history. Patients with flu chills, fever, body temperature of 39-40 ℃, with coughing, phlegm or mucus cough mucus Nongxing sputum. Pleural inflammation can cause chest pain involved, and is breathing on. The scope of the disease, there will be short breath. At the same time, Jingshenbuzhen, malaise, anorexia, and other symptoms of systemic toxicity. If unable to control infection in the pathogenesis of 10-14 days, suddenly Kechu large number of septic smell sputum and necrosis, a day up to 300 - 500ml. Tanduo smell of infection caused by anaerobic bacteria. About 1 / 3 patients have different degrees of hemoptysis, occasionally, a sudden massive hemoptysis and died of suffocation. Kechu large Nongtan in general, decreased body temperature, then reduce the symptoms of systemic toxicity, a few weeks of the general situation gradually returned to normal. Some patients slow onset, the general symptoms of respiratory tract infection, such as cough, cough and hemoptysis Nongtan, with high fever, chest pain, and so on.
Lung abscess Pokui to pleural cavity, the chest pain of sudden, short breath, a septic pneumothorax.
Empyema often in patients with chronic cough, cough Nongtan and repeated and repeated hemoptysis fever, anemia, weight loss and other performance.
Blood-borne lung abscess more first primary lesions caused by chills, fever and other systemic sepsis performance. After a few days or weeks after a cough, sputum, sputum is light, very few of hemoptysis.
Signs and lung abscess the size of the site. Smaller lesions in the lungs or the deep, have no abnormal signs; larger lesions, a large number of inflammation around the abscess, or Kouzhen Zhuoyin it was the sound, because of the poor respiratory airway to reduce the sound, and sometimes can be heard and wet-La; complicated by pleurisy , And pleural friction can hear the sound or the signs of pleural effusion. Chronic lung abscess often clubbed fingers (toe). Blood-borne lung abscess signs are negative.
Large number of necrotic tissue residue Vomica, Vomica wall fibroblast proliferation, granulation tissue to Vomica wall thickening. In the course of a lung abscess, necrosis in the remnants of the blood vessels lose the support of lung tissue, the wall of blood vessel damage can form part of, this is repeated, massive hemoptysis the pathological basis. Granulation tissue vascular wall surface than the rich, can cause cough or sputum Nongxue a small amount of hemoptysis. Lung abscess of the pathological changes can be involved around the bronchiole, or deformation of its expansion. Clinical on the March-June or so the healing can not be called chronic lung abscess abscess.
[Laboratory]
Acute lung abscess total number of blood leukocytes (20-30) × 109 / L, neutrophil in more than 90 percent, nuclear obviously the left, often toxic particles. Ke Chu was typical of sputum Nongxing, yellow-green, blood folder, kept layered. The blood of patients with chronic interleukin be normal or slightly increased, reducing red blood cells and haemoglobin.
Bacteriological examination of sputum: I Kechu the sputum is very susceptible to bacteria contamination of regular oral; Kechu should be timely for the sputum culture, or pollution of the large number of breeding at room temperature, the bacteria found it difficult, and contact with air after burnout Demise of oxygen, can affect the reliability of bacterial culture. So acute lung abscess Nongtan direct smear the stain that many bacteria, such as α-hemolytic streptococcus, such as Neisseria often of the oral bacteria do not even find pneumococcal, Staphylococcus aureus, the source of intestinal Gram-negative bacteria stain , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the bacteria are not necessarily lung abscess. Central to puncture a thin membrane catheter more in-depth lessons in sputum, can reduce oral bacteria contamination. Bronchoscopy using the dual-fiber casing Pollution Prevention brush, to focus sputum, for examination and smears were aerobic, anaerobic training, it can clear its pathogens. Sputum examination should seek prior to the introduction of antibiotics. Bacteria drug sensitivity tests to choose effective antibiotics.
With empyema, chest Nongye of aerobic and anaerobic training more reliable than the sputum. Primary acute lung abscess not accompanied bacteremia, the blood culture in the diagnosis of little help, and the blood-borne patients with lung abscess blood culture can be found pathogens.
[X-check]
Inhalation lung abscess for suppurative inflammation early stage, X-ray showed large shadow of dense infiltration fuzzy, unclear edge, or for the corporation patchy dense shadow of a lung or a whole paragraph. Abscess formation, Nongye from the bronchial, Vomica lucent and a round of planes, surrounded by dense infiltration surrounded by inflammation. Absorption recovery, the Nongye drainage and antibiotic treatment, lung abscess inflammation around the first absorption, gradually narrowing to Vomica disappeared, only the last remnants of the fiber cable shadow. Chronic lung abscess Vomica wall thickening, wall irregular, and sometimes a room, surrounded by fibrous tissue proliferation and neighbouring pleural thickening and lung contraction, mediastinal shift to the side.
With empyema, a large chest side dense shadow; if associated with pneumothorax can be seen by plane.
X ray inspection can clear the site of lung abscess the size and scope, contribute to postural drainage and surgical treatment.
Bronchial angiography usually used for suspected chronic lung abscess, with bronchiectasis.
Blood-borne lung abscess, the distribution of lesions in one or two sides were scattered in the limited block inflammation, or the edge of the ball neatly lesions, a small central Vomica and liquid-ping. Absorption inflammation, may also be a focal fibrosis or small balloon shadow of the aftermath.
[Branchofiberoscopy]
Help to identify the causes and timely treatment. See if the foreign body should be removed to facilitate foreign body airway open drainage; suspected tumor obstruction, a biopsy will be diagnosed and should Branchofiberoscope the catheter as close as possible to Vomica, strengthening Nongye attract and lesions injection of antibiotics to improve Efficacy and shorten the course.
To have oral surgery, unconscious after inhaling vomit or foreign body, sudden chills, fever, cough and cough a lot septic smell in patients with a history of sputum, and so on, the total number of leukocytes and blood neutrophils were significantly higher, X-ray showed thick inflammatory In the shadow of a cavity, liquid-ping, made the diagnosis of acute pulmonary abscess is not difficult. A skin wound infection, boil, carbuncle, such as purulent lesions, with fever not to cough, sputum, and other symptoms, X-ray showed multiple small abscess Liang Fei, can be diagnosed with blood-borne lung abscess. Sputum, blood culture, including anaerobic bacteria and drug sensitivity tests to determine the diagnosis and guide the selection of antibacterial drugs have significant value.
Lung abscess should consider the following identification of the disease.
First, bacterial pneumonia
Early lung abscess with symptoms of bacterial pneumonia in chest X-ray film and performance is very similar, but common with many of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia lips herpes, rust sputum, not a large number of septic smell sputum; X-ray showed lung or Paragraph of real change, or a flake weak inflammatory diseases, blurred edges, no cavity formation.
Second, empty secondary infection of tuberculosis
Empty tuberculosis is a chronic, often systemic and respiratory symptoms, without the toxic symptoms of severe acute cough and phlegm large number of septic smell, the sputum may find TB diagnosis. But with suppurative bacterial infection, acute infection can occur more Nongtan symptoms and cough, because of purulent sputum difficult to breed a large number of bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection. As with the past without the typical history of chronic tuberculosis and clinical performance, easy to empty secondary tuberculosis infection misdiagnosed as lung abscess. So to be careful medical history and asked to identify X-ray whether chronic tuberculosis pathological changes in the diagnosis of tuberculosis empty help. If time can not be identified, can control the treatment of acute pulmonary abscess acute infection, the chest film shows empty and the surrounding fibers of the multi-TB change. Sputum-TB can be transferred.
Third, Lung Cancer
Bronchial obstruction bronchial lung cancer often caused remote suppurative lung infection, but lung abscess formation of the relatively long duration, due to a gradual obstruction of the process, the more toxic symptoms was not obvious, Nongtan amount is less. Obstructive bronchial infection due to poor drainage, antibiotics difficult to control inflammation and fever, in more than a 40-year-old local repeated lung infections, antibiotics and the effect of poor patients, to consider a lung cancer caused by obstruction of bronchial pneumonia may be routine for defibrillators - Examination. A clear diagnosis. Bronchial cancer lesions can occur liquefied necrosis, a hollow, but in general non-toxic or acute symptoms of infection. X-ray showed thick wall empty, empty Duocheng eccentricity, residues of the tumor so that rugged wall, around the empty also less inflammatory infiltration, hilar lymph nodes may be enlarged, and therefore it is not difficult to distinguish between lung abscess. The bronchoscopy lung biopsy, or cancer cells found in sputum, lung cancer diagnosis has been established.
4, lung cysts secondary infection
Cyst secondary infection, inflammation around the lung tissue is infiltration of cyst-seen, but the inflammatory response relatively light, no poisoning symptoms and a cough more Nongtan. When the infection control, inflammation absorption, should show bright and clean and tidy the cyst wall. For the past X-ray film for the control, diagnosis easier.
The treatment of acute lung abscess is antibacterial and sputum drainage.
Acute bacterial infection of the lung abscess, including anaerobic bacteria, generally sensitive to penicillin, in the course of the patients within one month, the active antibiotic treatment, the cure rate of up to 86 percent. Anaerobic bacteria in the pathogenesis of lung abscess, the only vulnerable Bacteroides not sensitive to penicillin, and the forest lincomycin, metronidazole and clindamycin sensitive. Penicillin under conditions, the general 1200000 -240 000 u / d, serious illness can be 10 million u / d intravenous drip in order to enhance necrosis in the drug concentration. In the treatment of the body temperature normal to normal within 3-10 days and then could be replaced by intramuscular injection. Penicillin effects such as poor, to switch to Lin lincomycin 1.8 g / d intravenous drip, or clindamycin 0.3 g, oral day four times. Metronidazole or 0.4 g, three times daily oral or intravenous injection. If effective antibiotics, continued to 8-12 weeks, until X online empty and the disappearance of inflammation, or only a small amount of residual stability fibrosis.
In systemic treatment on the basis of available local drug treatment with antibiotics such as penicillin 300,000 units used in diluted 5-10 ml saline, to make 4 percent because of Proca, or 2 percent of the Proca for local anesthesia, and then Central nasal catheter or a film infusion of antibiotics to puncture trachea, according to take the appropriate posture abscess site Jingwo one hour, one day. Conditional, may be bronchoscopy in X-ray Perspective, will be fine bronchial tube inserted Vomica close to the drainage bronchial lesions, direct injection of liquid antibiotics.
Expectoration postural drainage is conducive to promote healing, but many of Nong Tan, and physical weakness of the guardianship should be made to avoid large Nongtan emission, the inability to Kechu a result of suffocation.
The positive medical treatment and Vomica can not close the chronic lung abscess, and repeated infection or hemoptysis patients, to be considered for removal; bronchial obstruction of the drainage poor lung abscess, in particular suspected cancer obstruction, or Severe bronchiectasis with hemoptysis who need treatment for, with empyema, or bronchopleural fistula patients, the pumping Nongye, rinse treatment of poor, have also been intercostal incision closed drainage.
Sowing blood of lung abscess, often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, another should be combined blood culture and bacterial sensitivity to the drug for the treatment of sepsis. In addition, it will be actively seized of suppurative lung lesions.
Should attach importance to the mouth, chronic upper respiratory tract infection, to prevent inhalation of contaminated respiratory secretions error, induced by the chance of infection. On the mouth and chest and abdominal surgery cases, we should conscientiously do a good job of meticulous preparation before, during attention to depth of anesthesia, the timely removal of blood clots and oral respiratory secretions, after oral strengthen the respiratory care, such as anti-sedation, analgesia only Cough medicine, respiratory importance of wetlands, diluted secretions, and encourage patients to cough, respiratory aspiration of foreign bodies in a timely manner, maintaining the airway open drainage, so as to effectively prevent the inhalation of respiratory tract infection. Carbuncle positive treatment of skin, boils or purulent lung lesions, do not squeeze carbuncle Boils, can prevent the incidence of blood-borne lung abscess.
Lung abscess (lung abscess) is due to a variety of pathogens from the lungs purulent infection, for early lung infection and inflammation, then necrosis, liquefaction, a week, surrounded by a granulation tissue abscess. Characterized by high fever, coughing, bronchial abscess after Kechu Pokui into the septic smell a lot of sputum. X-ray showed that with the gas-liquid-cavity. Many occurred in their prime, men more than women. Since the wider use of antibiotics, the incidence rate has decreased significantly.
Acute bacterial infection of lung abscess in general and oral, upper respiratory tract of the bacteria often in line, including aerobic, anaerobic and sexual and anaerobic bacteria. The past 10 years, due to anaerobic training and technological progress, aspiration pneumonia and acute lung abscess of anaerobic bacteria infection of 85% -94%. Anaerobic bacteria infection was reported in 58 per cent of lung abscess; aerobic and anaerobic bacteria infection 42 per cent. The more important anaerobic bacteria Streptococcus suis have peptone, peptone cocci, nuclear tablets spindle bacteria, producing melanin bacteria, Bacillus stomatitis and Weirong MI; common of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and for pneumococcal, golden yellow Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus, Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, and so on.
According to infection channels can be divided into the following types of lung abscess.
1. Inhalation lung abscess
Pathogens by mouth, nasopharyngeal aspiration for lung abscess cavity incidence of the main reasons. Under normal circumstances, have sensitive respiratory cough reflex, to prevent aspiration. However, there are tonsillitis, sinusitis, the cutting of septic tank overflow or Nongxing secretions such as dental caries; mouth, nose and throat surgery after the clot, or vomit tooth scale, in a coma consciousness, anesthesia and other circumstances, or As Shouhan, extreme fatigue, and other incentives for the effects of systemic immune function and lower respiratory tract defense, in deep sleep when various pollutants can be inhaled through the lungs trachea, bronchial obstruction caused by small, breeding and disease pathogens. Inhalation lung abscess often single, and its incidence and anatomical structure and location of the site. The right of the bronchial more steep and coarse diameter, easy to inhalation of respirable right lung. In the supine position, well after the last of the paragraph or under Yebei; seat at the aspiration, occurred in the basement of the following paragraph; right place, then good on the upper right of the preceding paragraph after paragraph, or the formation of axillary Sub-paragraph.
Second, secondary pulmonary abscess
In some bacterial pneumonia, bronchiectasis, bronchial cyst, bronchial lung cancer, tuberculosis, and other empty secondary infection caused by the secondary pulmonary abscess; adjacent organs suppurative lung disease, such as subphrenic abscess, kidney abscess around, spinal abscess , Or esophageal perforation of the lung perforation to the formation of lung abscess; should note that amoebic liver abscess in the right suprahepatic good at the top, easy to perforation of the right lung and diaphragm, a lung abscess amoeba.
Third, blood-borne lung abscess
Skin infections due to injury, carbuncle Boils, the bone marrow caused by sepsis, septic germ bolt spread to the lung blood lines, caused small blood clots, inflammation, necrosis and a lung abscess. Zhou Liang Fei, often for the Ministry of multiple lesions. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria to the common.
[Pathology]
Fine obstruction of bronchial infection, inflammation of small blood vessels embolization, suppurative lung inflammation, necrosis, a lung abscess, and then necrotic tissue liquefied Pokui to bronchial, Nongye from some form of a liquid-Vomica, hollow wall surface Common residues necrotic tissue. Examination showed a large number of acute pulmonary abscess neutrophil infiltration, with the largest amount ranging from mononucleosis, has a tendency to expand around, or even exceeded between fissure leaves, and adjacent to the extension of the lung. If the abscess near the pleura, a limitation of fibrin pleurisy, a pleural adhesions; tension such as abscesses, Pokui to the pleural cavity, can form pus pneumothorax. The positive acute lung abscess antibiotic treatment, if the airway open, Nongye from the airway, and Vomica gradually disappear.
Chronic lung abscess due to the acute phase is not complete treatment, bronchial or poor drainage, in patients with acute lung abscess, 70% -90% of cases of acute onset, and most have teeth, the Gan Ranzao oropharynx, or surgery , Tiredness, Shouliang, such as history. Patients with flu chills, fever, body temperature of 39-40 ℃, with coughing, phlegm or mucus cough mucus Nongxing sputum. Pleural inflammation can cause chest pain involved, and is breathing on. The scope of the disease, there will be short breath. At the same time, Jingshenbuzhen, malaise, anorexia, and other symptoms of systemic toxicity. If unable to control infection in the pathogenesis of 10-14 days, suddenly Kechu large number of septic smell sputum and necrosis, a day up to 300 - 500ml. Tanduo smell of infection caused by anaerobic bacteria. About 1 / 3 patients have different degrees of hemoptysis, occasionally, a sudden massive hemoptysis and died of suffocation. Kechu large Nongtan in general, decreased body temperature, then reduce the symptoms of systemic toxicity, a few weeks of the general situation gradually returned to normal. Some patients slow onset, the general symptoms of respiratory tract infection, such as cough, cough and hemoptysis Nongtan, with high fever, chest pain, and so on.
Lung abscess Pokui to pleural cavity, the chest pain of sudden, short breath, a septic pneumothorax.
Empyema often in patients with chronic cough, cough Nongtan and repeated and repeated hemoptysis fever, anemia, weight loss and other performance.
Blood-borne lung abscess more first primary lesions caused by chills, fever and other systemic sepsis performance. After a few days or weeks after a cough, sputum, sputum is light, very few of hemoptysis.
Signs and lung abscess the size of the site. Smaller lesions in the lungs or the deep, have no abnormal signs; larger lesions, a large number of inflammation around the abscess, or Kouzhen Zhuoyin it was the sound, because of the poor respiratory airway to reduce the sound, and sometimes can be heard and wet-La; complicated by pleurisy , And pleural friction can hear the sound or the signs of pleural effusion. Chronic lung abscess often clubbed fingers (toe). Blood-borne lung abscess signs are negative.
Large number of necrotic tissue residue Vomica, Vomica wall fibroblast proliferation, granulation tissue to Vomica wall thickening. In the course of a lung abscess, necrosis in the remnants of the blood vessels lose the support of lung tissue, the wall of blood vessel damage can form part of, this is repeated, massive hemoptysis the pathological basis. Granulation tissue vascular wall surface than the rich, can cause cough or sputum Nongxue a small amount of hemoptysis. Lung abscess of the pathological changes can be involved around the bronchiole, or deformation of its expansion. Clinical on the March-June or so the healing can not be called chronic lung abscess abscess.
[Laboratory]
Acute lung abscess total number of blood leukocytes (20-30) × 109 / L, neutrophil in more than 90 percent, nuclear obviously the left, often toxic particles. Ke Chu was typical of sputum Nongxing, yellow-green, blood folder, kept layered. The blood of patients with chronic interleukin be normal or slightly increased, reducing red blood cells and haemoglobin.
Bacteriological examination of sputum: I Kechu the sputum is very susceptible to bacteria contamination of regular oral; Kechu should be timely for the sputum culture, or pollution of the large number of breeding at room temperature, the bacteria found it difficult, and contact with air after burnout Demise of oxygen, can affect the reliability of bacterial culture. So acute lung abscess Nongtan direct smear the stain that many bacteria, such as α-hemolytic streptococcus, such as Neisseria often of the oral bacteria do not even find pneumococcal, Staphylococcus aureus, the source of intestinal Gram-negative bacteria stain , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the bacteria are not necessarily lung abscess. Central to puncture a thin membrane catheter more in-depth lessons in sputum, can reduce oral bacteria contamination. Bronchoscopy using the dual-fiber casing Pollution Prevention brush, to focus sputum, for examination and smears were aerobic, anaerobic training, it can clear its pathogens. Sputum examination should seek prior to the introduction of antibiotics. Bacteria drug sensitivity tests to choose effective antibiotics.
With empyema, chest Nongye of aerobic and anaerobic training more reliable than the sputum. Primary acute lung abscess not accompanied bacteremia, the blood culture in the diagnosis of little help, and the blood-borne patients with lung abscess blood culture can be found pathogens.
[X-check]
Inhalation lung abscess for suppurative inflammation early stage, X-ray showed large shadow of dense infiltration fuzzy, unclear edge, or for the corporation patchy dense shadow of a lung or a whole paragraph. Abscess formation, Nongye from the bronchial, Vomica lucent and a round of planes, surrounded by dense infiltration surrounded by inflammation. Absorption recovery, the Nongye drainage and antibiotic treatment, lung abscess inflammation around the first absorption, gradually narrowing to Vomica disappeared, only the last remnants of the fiber cable shadow. Chronic lung abscess Vomica wall thickening, wall irregular, and sometimes a room, surrounded by fibrous tissue proliferation and neighbouring pleural thickening and lung contraction, mediastinal shift to the side.
With empyema, a large chest side dense shadow; if associated with pneumothorax can be seen by plane.
X ray inspection can clear the site of lung abscess the size and scope, contribute to postural drainage and surgical treatment.
Bronchial angiography usually used for suspected chronic lung abscess, with bronchiectasis.
Blood-borne lung abscess, the distribution of lesions in one or two sides were scattered in the limited block inflammation, or the edge of the ball neatly lesions, a small central Vomica and liquid-ping. Absorption inflammation, may also be a focal fibrosis or small balloon shadow of the aftermath.
[Branchofiberoscopy]
Help to identify the causes and timely treatment. See if the foreign body should be removed to facilitate foreign body airway open drainage; suspected tumor obstruction, a biopsy will be diagnosed and should Branchofiberoscope the catheter as close as possible to Vomica, strengthening Nongye attract and lesions injection of antibiotics to improve Efficacy and shorten the course.
To have oral surgery, unconscious after inhaling vomit or foreign body, sudden chills, fever, cough and cough a lot septic smell in patients with a history of sputum, and so on, the total number of leukocytes and blood neutrophils were significantly higher, X-ray showed thick inflammatory In the shadow of a cavity, liquid-ping, made the diagnosis of acute pulmonary abscess is not difficult. A skin wound infection, boil, carbuncle, such as purulent lesions, with fever not to cough, sputum, and other symptoms, X-ray showed multiple small abscess Liang Fei, can be diagnosed with blood-borne lung abscess. Sputum, blood culture, including anaerobic bacteria and drug sensitivity tests to determine the diagnosis and guide the selection of antibacterial drugs have significant value.
Lung abscess should consider the following identification of the disease.
First, bacterial pneumonia
Early lung abscess with symptoms of bacterial pneumonia in chest X-ray film and performance is very similar, but common with many of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia lips herpes, rust sputum, not a large number of septic smell sputum; X-ray showed lung or Paragraph of real change, or a flake weak inflammatory diseases, blurred edges, no cavity formation.
Second, empty secondary infection of tuberculosis
Empty tuberculosis is a chronic, often systemic and respiratory symptoms, without the toxic symptoms of severe acute cough and phlegm large number of septic smell, the sputum may find TB diagnosis. But with suppurative bacterial infection, acute infection can occur more Nongtan symptoms and cough, because of purulent sputum difficult to breed a large number of bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection. As with the past without the typical history of chronic tuberculosis and clinical performance, easy to empty secondary tuberculosis infection misdiagnosed as lung abscess. So to be careful medical history and asked to identify X-ray whether chronic tuberculosis pathological changes in the diagnosis of tuberculosis empty help. If time can not be identified, can control the treatment of acute pulmonary abscess acute infection, the chest film shows empty and the surrounding fibers of the multi-TB change. Sputum-TB can be transferred.
Third, Lung Cancer
Bronchial obstruction bronchial lung cancer often caused remote suppurative lung infection, but lung abscess formation of the relatively long duration, due to a gradual obstruction of the process, the more toxic symptoms was not obvious, Nongtan amount is less. Obstructive bronchial infection due to poor drainage, antibiotics difficult to control inflammation and fever, in more than a 40-year-old local repeated lung infections, antibiotics and the effect of poor patients, to consider a lung cancer caused by obstruction of bronchial pneumonia may be routine for defibrillators - Examination. A clear diagnosis. Bronchial cancer lesions can occur liquefied necrosis, a hollow, but in general non-toxic or acute symptoms of infection. X-ray showed thick wall empty, empty Duocheng eccentricity, residues of the tumor so that rugged wall, around the empty also less inflammatory infiltration, hilar lymph nodes may be enlarged, and therefore it is not difficult to distinguish between lung abscess. The bronchoscopy lung biopsy, or cancer cells found in sputum, lung cancer diagnosis has been established.
4, lung cysts secondary infection
Cyst secondary infection, inflammation around the lung tissue is infiltration of cyst-seen, but the inflammatory response relatively light, no poisoning symptoms and a cough more Nongtan. When the infection control, inflammation absorption, should show bright and clean and tidy the cyst wall. For the past X-ray film for the control, diagnosis easier.
The treatment of acute lung abscess is antibacterial and sputum drainage.
Acute bacterial infection of the lung abscess, including anaerobic bacteria, generally sensitive to penicillin, in the course of the patients within one month, the active antibiotic treatment, the cure rate of up to 86 percent. Anaerobic bacteria in the pathogenesis of lung abscess, the only vulnerable Bacteroides not sensitive to penicillin, and the forest lincomycin, metronidazole and clindamycin sensitive. Penicillin under conditions, the general 1200000 -240 000 u / d, serious illness can be 10 million u / d intravenous drip in order to enhance necrosis in the drug concentration. In the treatment of the body temperature normal to normal within 3-10 days and then could be replaced by intramuscular injection. Penicillin effects such as poor, to switch to Lin lincomycin 1.8 g / d intravenous drip, or clindamycin 0.3 g, oral day four times. Metronidazole or 0.4 g, three times daily oral or intravenous injection. If effective antibiotics, continued to 8-12 weeks, until X online empty and the disappearance of inflammation, or only a small amount of residual stability fibrosis.
In systemic treatment on the basis of available local drug treatment with antibiotics such as penicillin 300,000 units used in diluted 5-10 ml saline, to make 4 percent because of Proca, or 2 percent of the Proca for local anesthesia, and then Central nasal catheter or a film infusion of antibiotics to puncture trachea, according to take the appropriate posture abscess site Jingwo one hour, one day. Conditional, may be bronchoscopy in X-ray Perspective, will be fine bronchial tube inserted Vomica close to the drainage bronchial lesions, direct injection of liquid antibiotics.
Expectoration postural drainage is conducive to promote healing, but many of Nong Tan, and physical weakness of the guardianship should be made to avoid large Nongtan emission, the inability to Kechu a result of suffocation.
The positive medical treatment and Vomica can not close the chronic lung abscess, and repeated infection or hemoptysis patients, to be considered for removal; bronchial obstruction of the drainage poor lung abscess, in particular suspected cancer obstruction, or Severe bronchiectasis with hemoptysis who need treatment for, with empyema, or bronchopleural fistula patients, the pumping Nongye, rinse treatment of poor, have also been intercostal incision closed drainage.
Sowing blood of lung abscess, often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, another should be combined blood culture and bacterial sensitivity to the drug for the treatment of sepsis. In addition, it will be actively seized of suppurative lung lesions.
Should attach importance to the mouth, chronic upper respiratory tract infection, to prevent inhalation of contaminated respiratory secretions error, induced by the chance of infection. On the mouth and chest and abdominal surgery cases, we should conscientiously do a good job of meticulous preparation before, during attention to depth of anesthesia, the timely removal of blood clots and oral respiratory secretions, after oral strengthen the respiratory care, such as anti-sedation, analgesia only Cough medicine, respiratory importance of wetlands, diluted secretions, and encourage patients to cough, respiratory aspiration of foreign bodies in a timely manner, maintaining the airway open drainage, so as to effectively prevent the inhalation of respiratory tract infection. Carbuncle positive treatment of skin, boils or purulent lung lesions, do not squeeze carbuncle Boils, can prevent the incidence of blood-borne lung abscess.
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Pneumococcal pneumoniaPneumococcal pneumonia (pneumococcal pneumonia) is the pneumococcal or Streptococcus pneumoniae (streptococcus pneuoncae) caused by, or hospital-acquired pneumonia in more than half. Lobe of a lung or acute inflammation is changed, with a shiver, high fever, chest pain, coughing and Xue Tan, and other symptoms. In recent years due to the extensive application of antibacterial drugs, mild or no clinical disease is more typical多见.
Pneumococcal for Gram-positive cocci, often in pairs (Streptococcus pneumoniae) or with a chain (Streptococcus pneumoniae), the cell outside the capsule, the polysaccharide capsule of a specific antigen, according to the serum tests are now known to have 86 subtypes. Pathogens and more adults are 1-9 and 12, section 3 of the most toxic, and children for 6,14,19, and 23 type. These bacteria for upper respiratory tract normal flora, only when the immunity when Fangshi reduce pathogens. A small part of bacteremia, or septic shock, if not timely appropriate treatment, can lead to death.
Pneumococcal sputum can survive in dry months, but direct sunlight 1 h, or heated to 52 ℃ 10 min, to sterilization, such as disinfectant on the phenols also very sensitive.
Incidence in winter and early spring for many, and this epidemic of respiratory tract infection have a certain relationship. Patients often as the original healthy young adults and elderly people and infants, men see more, the majority of patients to have mild upper respiratory tract infection, or Shouhan, drunkenness or the history of general anesthesia, respiratory function impairment defense, bacteria are inhaled Lower respiratory tract, in the alveolar breeding. Smokers, dementia, congestive heart failure, patients with chronic diseases, chronic bronchitis Yan, bronchiectasis, and immune deficiency patients are vulnerable to pneumococcal invasive. Pneumococcal not produce toxins, not primary cause necrosis or a hollow; its pathogenicity is due to contain polymer polysaccharide capsule of the invasion of the organization, the first cause pulmonary edema wall, rapidly emerging WBC and RBC seepage Out, the bacteria by Cohn's effusion hole to the central part of the lung proliferation, spread and even a few paragraphs or entire lung lobe, because of lung disease at the beginning of the week, it leaves a clear delineation between, and easy pleural involvement. Pathological changes have congestive period, the red variable period of the liver, liver variable period of ash and dispersed phase. Lung congestion and edema, pulmonary effusion in the pulp and red, leukocyte infiltration, swallowed up by bacteria, then fibrin exudation of dissolution, absorption, alveolar re-inflated. In fact four pathological stage there is no absolute boundaries, the use of antibiotics in the circumstances, this typical pathological stage has been rare. Lung lesions disappeared after the organizational structure have no damage, leaving scars fiber. A few patients with alveolar fibrin not fully absorbed, and even successful fiber cells, the formation of organizing pneumonia. The elderly and infants can be along the bronchial infection distribution (bronchial pneumonia). If no timely use of antibiotics, 5% -10% with empyema, 15% -20% of the lymphatic bacterial chest catheter into the blood circulation, the formation of lung infection (pleurisy, arthritis, pericarditis, endocarditis, peritonitis , Otitis media, and so on.
Patients often Shoulianglinyu, fatigue, drunkenness, mental stimulation, the virus infection, half of the cases of several upper respiratory tract infection symptoms of a pioneer. More Jizhou onset, high fever, with half shiver, the temperature can soar to within a few hours 39-40 ℃, the peak in the afternoon or evening, but also missed a hot, and the pulse rate parallel. Patients with flu general muscle soreness, chest pain side, radiation to shoulder, abdomen, deep breathing, coughing or aggravated. Sputum less, with Blood-streaked phlegm or a rust color. Weina a sharp drop, sometimes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or diarrhea, and sometimes misdiagnosed as acute abdomen.
Patients with a sudden illness capacity, cheek Crimson, dry skin. Zhou mouth and nose appeared herpes simplex. When extensive pneumonia, ventilation / reduce the proportion of blood, there hypoxemia, the performance for the short breath, cyanosis, septicemia, skin and mucous membranes may have bleeding; sclera with yellow; neck has prompted resistance may be involved meninges. By fast heart rate, sometimes arrhythmia. No obvious signs of early lung abnormalities, only thoracic respiration rate decreased slightly higher turbidity, respiratory pleural friction-reducing and sound. And when it changed the typical signs, such as call-Cloud, language and bronchial respiratory chatter enhance the sound. Disperse period can be heard and wet-La, can be associated with severe intestinal Flatulence, upper abdominal tenderness may be involved because of inflammation phrenic Extrapleural weeks. Serious infections can be associated with shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, adult respiratory distress syndrome and neurological symptoms such as blurred consciousness, irritability, lethargy, delirium, coma, etc., should be closely observed, positive treatment.
When the body of the capsule antigen to generate sufficient specific antibody, a combination of both, in complement participation is conducive to swallow the bacteria cells to swallow. The first incidence 5-10 days, fever can be dropped or to gradually subside. The use of effective antibiotics in body temperature can return to normal within 1-3 days, the patient Dunjue symptoms disappear, gradually recover.
Blood white blood cell count in the majority of 10-30 × 109 / L, neutrophil and more in more than 80 percent, and the left or the toxicity of particles within the cytoplasm that, the frail elderly, alcoholism, the lower the immune white blood cell count often Not higher, but neutrophil percentage still high. In the use of antibiotics before the blood culture, 20 percent can be positive. Sputum smears a large number of neutrophils and gram-positive cocci in pairs or short chain, the cells are more meaningful. Sputum culture in the 24-48 h can be identified pathogen. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and fluorescent antibody test can improve the diagnosis rate of pathogen. Sputum samples in order to avoid pollution, in mouthwash after the acquisition of deep expectoration, the Anti-brush or bronchoscopy with BALF samples can be sensitive detection of bacteria, but not for conventional methods.
[X-check]
Early saw Fei Wenli thickening of the pulmonary or involvement, the lobe slightly fuzzy. In recent years the typical large-leaved see real change has been less, because of a pulmonary inflammatory exudation of the change is visible in the shadow of bronchial airway levy. Rib diaphragm Kok pleural effusion can be a small amount of the levy. In pneumonia dispersed period, X-ray showed that inflammatory infiltration gradually absorbed, the film can block absorption region earlier, showing "false empty" sign. Most cases in 3-4 weeks after the onset completely dissipated. Lesion slower to disperse the elderly, may also organizing pneumonia.
Are typical symptoms and signs of the case, then the chest X-ray examination, it is not difficult diagnosis. Early signs of pneumonia disease was not obvious, the elderly and child care patients, as well as secondary to other diseases, clinical manifestations often not typical, the disease can be confused with the following:
First, cheese pneumonia
Acute pneumonia and tuberculosis clinical manifestation and pneumococcal pneumonia similar, X-ray lung is also changed, but TB often low heat fatigue, tuberculosis can be found in sputum. X-ray showed that lesions in more than Feijian or collarbone from top to bottom, uneven density, lasting dispersed, and can form empty the lungs and disseminated. And pneumococcal pneumonia as penicillin treatment of 3-5 days, a return to more normal body temperature, lung inflammation faster absorption.
Second, other pathogens with the pneumonia
Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia than those in serious clinical manifestations. Gram-negative bacteria more common in frail pneumonia, chronic heart and lung disease or immune deficiency patients, the hospital for more than secondary infection. Sputum and (or) the bacteria positive blood culture is an indispensable basis for the diagnosis. Mycoplasma pneumonia virus, and generally less severe diseases, interleukin often no significant increase in clinical process, the blood and sputum pathogens isolated immunological test in the diagnosis is important.
Third, acute lung abscess
Early clinical manifestation and pneumococcal pneumonia similar. But with the development of the course, a lot septic smell the characteristics of sputum for lung abscess, a pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella and other gram-negative bacteria, and anaerobes. X-ray showed that Vomica and fluid levels, make it easier identification.
4, lung cancer
A small number of peripheral lung cancer X-ray image Posi lung inflammation. But the general did not only low heat or fever, peripheral blood white blood cell count is not high, the sputum may find cancer diagnosis. Lung cancer can be associated with obstructive pneumonia, the inflammation dissipated after antibiotic treatment, tumor shadow of the increasing significantly, or associated with hilar lymph nodes, atelectasis. For the effective antibiotic treatment of inflammatory Jiubu dispersed, or dispersed after rehabilitation there, especially older patients, attention should be paid to observe, and sometimes take X-X-radiography, CT, MRI examination of sputum cells and fiber-shedding Examination so as to avoid delay diagnosis.
5, other diseases
With chest pain, pneumonia, pleurisy to be with exudative, pulmonary infarction differential. Pleural effusion signs and X-ray has its characteristics. Pulmonary infarction have formed the basis of venous thrombosis, hemoptysis see more, a little mouth herpes. Sometimes under the belly of pneumonia symptoms, should be X-ray and other inspection and subphrenic abscess, cholecystitis, pancreatitis and appendicitis, and so were identified.
Pneumococcal for Gram-positive cocci, often in pairs (Streptococcus pneumoniae) or with a chain (Streptococcus pneumoniae), the cell outside the capsule, the polysaccharide capsule of a specific antigen, according to the serum tests are now known to have 86 subtypes. Pathogens and more adults are 1-9 and 12, section 3 of the most toxic, and children for 6,14,19, and 23 type. These bacteria for upper respiratory tract normal flora, only when the immunity when Fangshi reduce pathogens. A small part of bacteremia, or septic shock, if not timely appropriate treatment, can lead to death.
Pneumococcal sputum can survive in dry months, but direct sunlight 1 h, or heated to 52 ℃ 10 min, to sterilization, such as disinfectant on the phenols also very sensitive.
Incidence in winter and early spring for many, and this epidemic of respiratory tract infection have a certain relationship. Patients often as the original healthy young adults and elderly people and infants, men see more, the majority of patients to have mild upper respiratory tract infection, or Shouhan, drunkenness or the history of general anesthesia, respiratory function impairment defense, bacteria are inhaled Lower respiratory tract, in the alveolar breeding. Smokers, dementia, congestive heart failure, patients with chronic diseases, chronic bronchitis Yan, bronchiectasis, and immune deficiency patients are vulnerable to pneumococcal invasive. Pneumococcal not produce toxins, not primary cause necrosis or a hollow; its pathogenicity is due to contain polymer polysaccharide capsule of the invasion of the organization, the first cause pulmonary edema wall, rapidly emerging WBC and RBC seepage Out, the bacteria by Cohn's effusion hole to the central part of the lung proliferation, spread and even a few paragraphs or entire lung lobe, because of lung disease at the beginning of the week, it leaves a clear delineation between, and easy pleural involvement. Pathological changes have congestive period, the red variable period of the liver, liver variable period of ash and dispersed phase. Lung congestion and edema, pulmonary effusion in the pulp and red, leukocyte infiltration, swallowed up by bacteria, then fibrin exudation of dissolution, absorption, alveolar re-inflated. In fact four pathological stage there is no absolute boundaries, the use of antibiotics in the circumstances, this typical pathological stage has been rare. Lung lesions disappeared after the organizational structure have no damage, leaving scars fiber. A few patients with alveolar fibrin not fully absorbed, and even successful fiber cells, the formation of organizing pneumonia. The elderly and infants can be along the bronchial infection distribution (bronchial pneumonia). If no timely use of antibiotics, 5% -10% with empyema, 15% -20% of the lymphatic bacterial chest catheter into the blood circulation, the formation of lung infection (pleurisy, arthritis, pericarditis, endocarditis, peritonitis , Otitis media, and so on.
Patients often Shoulianglinyu, fatigue, drunkenness, mental stimulation, the virus infection, half of the cases of several upper respiratory tract infection symptoms of a pioneer. More Jizhou onset, high fever, with half shiver, the temperature can soar to within a few hours 39-40 ℃, the peak in the afternoon or evening, but also missed a hot, and the pulse rate parallel. Patients with flu general muscle soreness, chest pain side, radiation to shoulder, abdomen, deep breathing, coughing or aggravated. Sputum less, with Blood-streaked phlegm or a rust color. Weina a sharp drop, sometimes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or diarrhea, and sometimes misdiagnosed as acute abdomen.
Patients with a sudden illness capacity, cheek Crimson, dry skin. Zhou mouth and nose appeared herpes simplex. When extensive pneumonia, ventilation / reduce the proportion of blood, there hypoxemia, the performance for the short breath, cyanosis, septicemia, skin and mucous membranes may have bleeding; sclera with yellow; neck has prompted resistance may be involved meninges. By fast heart rate, sometimes arrhythmia. No obvious signs of early lung abnormalities, only thoracic respiration rate decreased slightly higher turbidity, respiratory pleural friction-reducing and sound. And when it changed the typical signs, such as call-Cloud, language and bronchial respiratory chatter enhance the sound. Disperse period can be heard and wet-La, can be associated with severe intestinal Flatulence, upper abdominal tenderness may be involved because of inflammation phrenic Extrapleural weeks. Serious infections can be associated with shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, adult respiratory distress syndrome and neurological symptoms such as blurred consciousness, irritability, lethargy, delirium, coma, etc., should be closely observed, positive treatment.
When the body of the capsule antigen to generate sufficient specific antibody, a combination of both, in complement participation is conducive to swallow the bacteria cells to swallow. The first incidence 5-10 days, fever can be dropped or to gradually subside. The use of effective antibiotics in body temperature can return to normal within 1-3 days, the patient Dunjue symptoms disappear, gradually recover.
Blood white blood cell count in the majority of 10-30 × 109 / L, neutrophil and more in more than 80 percent, and the left or the toxicity of particles within the cytoplasm that, the frail elderly, alcoholism, the lower the immune white blood cell count often Not higher, but neutrophil percentage still high. In the use of antibiotics before the blood culture, 20 percent can be positive. Sputum smears a large number of neutrophils and gram-positive cocci in pairs or short chain, the cells are more meaningful. Sputum culture in the 24-48 h can be identified pathogen. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and fluorescent antibody test can improve the diagnosis rate of pathogen. Sputum samples in order to avoid pollution, in mouthwash after the acquisition of deep expectoration, the Anti-brush or bronchoscopy with BALF samples can be sensitive detection of bacteria, but not for conventional methods.
[X-check]
Early saw Fei Wenli thickening of the pulmonary or involvement, the lobe slightly fuzzy. In recent years the typical large-leaved see real change has been less, because of a pulmonary inflammatory exudation of the change is visible in the shadow of bronchial airway levy. Rib diaphragm Kok pleural effusion can be a small amount of the levy. In pneumonia dispersed period, X-ray showed that inflammatory infiltration gradually absorbed, the film can block absorption region earlier, showing "false empty" sign. Most cases in 3-4 weeks after the onset completely dissipated. Lesion slower to disperse the elderly, may also organizing pneumonia.
Are typical symptoms and signs of the case, then the chest X-ray examination, it is not difficult diagnosis. Early signs of pneumonia disease was not obvious, the elderly and child care patients, as well as secondary to other diseases, clinical manifestations often not typical, the disease can be confused with the following:
First, cheese pneumonia
Acute pneumonia and tuberculosis clinical manifestation and pneumococcal pneumonia similar, X-ray lung is also changed, but TB often low heat fatigue, tuberculosis can be found in sputum. X-ray showed that lesions in more than Feijian or collarbone from top to bottom, uneven density, lasting dispersed, and can form empty the lungs and disseminated. And pneumococcal pneumonia as penicillin treatment of 3-5 days, a return to more normal body temperature, lung inflammation faster absorption.
Second, other pathogens with the pneumonia
Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia than those in serious clinical manifestations. Gram-negative bacteria more common in frail pneumonia, chronic heart and lung disease or immune deficiency patients, the hospital for more than secondary infection. Sputum and (or) the bacteria positive blood culture is an indispensable basis for the diagnosis. Mycoplasma pneumonia virus, and generally less severe diseases, interleukin often no significant increase in clinical process, the blood and sputum pathogens isolated immunological test in the diagnosis is important.
Third, acute lung abscess
Early clinical manifestation and pneumococcal pneumonia similar. But with the development of the course, a lot septic smell the characteristics of sputum for lung abscess, a pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella and other gram-negative bacteria, and anaerobes. X-ray showed that Vomica and fluid levels, make it easier identification.
4, lung cancer
A small number of peripheral lung cancer X-ray image Posi lung inflammation. But the general did not only low heat or fever, peripheral blood white blood cell count is not high, the sputum may find cancer diagnosis. Lung cancer can be associated with obstructive pneumonia, the inflammation dissipated after antibiotic treatment, tumor shadow of the increasing significantly, or associated with hilar lymph nodes, atelectasis. For the effective antibiotic treatment of inflammatory Jiubu dispersed, or dispersed after rehabilitation there, especially older patients, attention should be paid to observe, and sometimes take X-X-radiography, CT, MRI examination of sputum cells and fiber-shedding Examination so as to avoid delay diagnosis.
5, other diseases
With chest pain, pneumonia, pleurisy to be with exudative, pulmonary infarction differential. Pleural effusion signs and X-ray has its characteristics. Pulmonary infarction have formed the basis of venous thrombosis, hemoptysis see more, a little mouth herpes. Sometimes under the belly of pneumonia symptoms, should be X-ray and other inspection and subphrenic abscess, cholecystitis, pancreatitis and appendicitis, and so were identified.
Elderly pneumonia
Elderly pneumoniaElderly pneumonia often lack obvious respiratory symptoms, not more typical symptoms, the disease progress faster, prone to misdiagnosis, wrong appointment. It was reported in the literature, pathology proved to be unable to clinical diagnosis of pneumonia but the "misdiagnosis rate" of 3.3% -61.4%, and clinical diagnosis of pneumonia but no corresponding pathological findings of the "wrong attendance rate of" 10.8% -39.3%. Elderly pneumonia generally have the following clinical features.
(1) have no fever, Katan, and other typical symptoms, only 35% of those symptoms.
(2) of the first to speed up breathing and respiratory difficulties, accounting for 56 percent, or disturbance of consciousness, lethargy, dehydration, anorexia, asymptomatic persons accounted for 10 percent.
(3) signs: a clock-speed, rapid breathing, chest auscultation can hear the sound-and moist, or with respiratory and weakened bronchial-pulmonary respiratory sound.
(4) blood tests: blood checks can be increased or the total number of WBC is not high, but more than half of the left visible, C-reactive protein positive, ESR, such as inflammation faster performance.
(5) blood gas analysis: there PaO2 down, but with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary ventilation due to bad carbon dioxide压升高.
(6) chest X-ray was bronchial pneumonia than large-leaved form of pneumonia see more.
(7) elderly pneumonia-prone water, electrolyte imbalance, acid poisoning. For those with chronic diseases, vulnerable to multiple organ failure and high mortality.
The common types of pneumonia and old age
(1) aspiration pneumonia
As the elderly Houqiang mucosal atrophy, thinning and throat feeling subside, pharynx muscle reduction activities reduced role, have swallowed up obstacles to food and parasitic bacteria in the throat into the lower respiratory tract and cause aspiration pneumonia. Clinical symptoms not typical, only 34% of high fever and no respiratory symptoms were 14%, 35% of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, attending high rate of mistakes. 20% of patients with neurological symptoms, low blood pressure, septic shock, cyanosis, fatigue, chest pain and rust sputum rare white blood cell count is not high, easy to appear water, electrolyte disturbance. Chest film shows spots or small pieces of the shadow. Sputum checks to gram-negative bacilli main point 1/2-1/3, gram-positive cocci only 10 percent, mixed with 1 / 3.
(2) gram-negative bacilli pneumonia
Hospital with pneumonia accounted for 20 percent, and nosocomial infections account for 15% -80%, the mortality rate can reach more than 50 percent. A major pathogen E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, such as Clayton White pneumoniae. Can be divided into: ① community-acquired pneumonia, mostly primary pneumonia; ② hospital-acquired pneumonia, multi-throat secretions caused by inhalation of the ground (in infection), the droplets from the air propagator (of infection ) Rare.
(3) Mycoplasma pneumonia (Mycoplasma Pneumonia, MP)
Mycoplasma pneumonia in the elderly lung infection in 20 per cent, the onset of misprision, the main expression of irritation for dry cough, irregular fever, headache, chest tightness, nausea, chest X-ray lower inflammation, or a spot-point - Shadow, multi-shaped, more than right lung left lung, and a small amount of pleural effusion. Clinical difficult with the virus or bacterial infection distinction between mild, misdiagnosis rate was as high as 55 percent. So in the following circumstances: ① similar clinical manifestations of infection, the antibiotics (erythromycin, tetracycline, except) to poor treatment; ② disease and lesions not commensurate with chest film (that is, chest film clearly inflammatory lesions, The symptoms do not weight) to; ③ lower lung inflammation and a small amount of pleural effusion, difficult to explain to tuberculosis. Should be further mycoplasma antibody serum for examination, serum specific complement of test (+) 1:40-1:80, condensation test (+), contribute to the diagnosis.
(4) end-stage pneumonia
Refer patients dying before the pneumonia, often secondary to other diseases of the late general and pneumonia may be different, pathological data as high as 30% to 60%. Is not included in the independent disease. Clinical features, often no obvious signs of early, with the condition can be aggravated has the following characteristics: ① can not be used to explain the onset of fever or chills; ② respiratory difficulties or cyanotic disease is not commensurate with the original; ③ can not use the original disease or other reasons to explain Low blood pressure, shock or unconscious increase; ④ Nongxue disease; ⑤ more than a rash or septic Paozhen; ⑥ lung-breathing weakened or disappeared, moist-not-to changes in body position changes.
(5) hospital-acquired pneumonia (Noscomial Pneumonia, NP)
Refers to the hospital by bacteria, fungi, Mycoplasma, viruses, protozoa, or caused by inflammation of the lungs. In the elderly in the incidence was significantly higher than that of young people, the incidence rate of 0.5 per cent to 15 per cent of all hospital infections of 1-3 times. Gram-negative bacilli main pathogens to see the most, accounting for 68% -80%, which again pneumoniae, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter, Klebsiella Bacillus common. Gram-positive cocci 24 per cent, accounting for about 5 percent mold.
Diagnostic criteria: ① pneumonia in hospital at least 48 hours before the above; ② pneumonia symptoms and signs seen in the hospital after eight days; ③ prevalence of at least 48 hours before the day stay in hospital a few hours of outpatient visits or patients; ④ hospitalized because of pulmonary inflammation, the treatment was improved, but after reproduction fever and pneumonia symptoms and signs more obvious, once again elevated white blood cell count, chest X-ray examination revealed the infiltration of new video; ⑤ sputum culture for two consecutive times isolated from the same Pathogens.
(1) have no fever, Katan, and other typical symptoms, only 35% of those symptoms.
(2) of the first to speed up breathing and respiratory difficulties, accounting for 56 percent, or disturbance of consciousness, lethargy, dehydration, anorexia, asymptomatic persons accounted for 10 percent.
(3) signs: a clock-speed, rapid breathing, chest auscultation can hear the sound-and moist, or with respiratory and weakened bronchial-pulmonary respiratory sound.
(4) blood tests: blood checks can be increased or the total number of WBC is not high, but more than half of the left visible, C-reactive protein positive, ESR, such as inflammation faster performance.
(5) blood gas analysis: there PaO2 down, but with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary ventilation due to bad carbon dioxide压升高.
(6) chest X-ray was bronchial pneumonia than large-leaved form of pneumonia see more.
(7) elderly pneumonia-prone water, electrolyte imbalance, acid poisoning. For those with chronic diseases, vulnerable to multiple organ failure and high mortality.
The common types of pneumonia and old age
(1) aspiration pneumonia
As the elderly Houqiang mucosal atrophy, thinning and throat feeling subside, pharynx muscle reduction activities reduced role, have swallowed up obstacles to food and parasitic bacteria in the throat into the lower respiratory tract and cause aspiration pneumonia. Clinical symptoms not typical, only 34% of high fever and no respiratory symptoms were 14%, 35% of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, attending high rate of mistakes. 20% of patients with neurological symptoms, low blood pressure, septic shock, cyanosis, fatigue, chest pain and rust sputum rare white blood cell count is not high, easy to appear water, electrolyte disturbance. Chest film shows spots or small pieces of the shadow. Sputum checks to gram-negative bacilli main point 1/2-1/3, gram-positive cocci only 10 percent, mixed with 1 / 3.
(2) gram-negative bacilli pneumonia
Hospital with pneumonia accounted for 20 percent, and nosocomial infections account for 15% -80%, the mortality rate can reach more than 50 percent. A major pathogen E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, such as Clayton White pneumoniae. Can be divided into: ① community-acquired pneumonia, mostly primary pneumonia; ② hospital-acquired pneumonia, multi-throat secretions caused by inhalation of the ground (in infection), the droplets from the air propagator (of infection ) Rare.
(3) Mycoplasma pneumonia (Mycoplasma Pneumonia, MP)
Mycoplasma pneumonia in the elderly lung infection in 20 per cent, the onset of misprision, the main expression of irritation for dry cough, irregular fever, headache, chest tightness, nausea, chest X-ray lower inflammation, or a spot-point - Shadow, multi-shaped, more than right lung left lung, and a small amount of pleural effusion. Clinical difficult with the virus or bacterial infection distinction between mild, misdiagnosis rate was as high as 55 percent. So in the following circumstances: ① similar clinical manifestations of infection, the antibiotics (erythromycin, tetracycline, except) to poor treatment; ② disease and lesions not commensurate with chest film (that is, chest film clearly inflammatory lesions, The symptoms do not weight) to; ③ lower lung inflammation and a small amount of pleural effusion, difficult to explain to tuberculosis. Should be further mycoplasma antibody serum for examination, serum specific complement of test (+) 1:40-1:80, condensation test (+), contribute to the diagnosis.
(4) end-stage pneumonia
Refer patients dying before the pneumonia, often secondary to other diseases of the late general and pneumonia may be different, pathological data as high as 30% to 60%. Is not included in the independent disease. Clinical features, often no obvious signs of early, with the condition can be aggravated has the following characteristics: ① can not be used to explain the onset of fever or chills; ② respiratory difficulties or cyanotic disease is not commensurate with the original; ③ can not use the original disease or other reasons to explain Low blood pressure, shock or unconscious increase; ④ Nongxue disease; ⑤ more than a rash or septic Paozhen; ⑥ lung-breathing weakened or disappeared, moist-not-to changes in body position changes.
(5) hospital-acquired pneumonia (Noscomial Pneumonia, NP)
Refers to the hospital by bacteria, fungi, Mycoplasma, viruses, protozoa, or caused by inflammation of the lungs. In the elderly in the incidence was significantly higher than that of young people, the incidence rate of 0.5 per cent to 15 per cent of all hospital infections of 1-3 times. Gram-negative bacilli main pathogens to see the most, accounting for 68% -80%, which again pneumoniae, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter, Klebsiella Bacillus common. Gram-positive cocci 24 per cent, accounting for about 5 percent mold.
Diagnostic criteria: ① pneumonia in hospital at least 48 hours before the above; ② pneumonia symptoms and signs seen in the hospital after eight days; ③ prevalence of at least 48 hours before the day stay in hospital a few hours of outpatient visits or patients; ④ hospitalized because of pulmonary inflammation, the treatment was improved, but after reproduction fever and pneumonia symptoms and signs more obvious, once again elevated white blood cell count, chest X-ray examination revealed the infiltration of new video; ⑤ sputum culture for two consecutive times isolated from the same Pathogens.
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